CP5046 ICT Project : Hierarchical Database

Answer

Introduction

The paper mainly reflects on the concept of” database support workflow management system” that is mainly used in order to develop a mobile application by utilizing SQLite. It is found that in the entire paper proper discussion on the SQL is done by elaborating different types of SQL that are generally available. It is found that SQLite is mainly selected for developing the mobile application due to its advantages. It is found that due to the use of SQLite, the application will be simple so that it can be used quite easily. In addition to this, one of the important factor is that it does not requires any additional server as the data is accessed from the blackened server.

This paper discusses the SQL, its type, as well as history in order to provide clear overview about SQL. In addition to this a case study is used as a real example for elaborating the development iof mobile application within the utilization 

Introduction of SQL

Structured Query Language (SQL) is defined as a database query language that is mainly utilized for managing as well as storing data within the relational database management system. SQL is considered as the commercial language that was mainly introduced by the E.F Codd’s relational model of the database. SQL assists in defining number of ways one of the ways of SQL command for manipulating data in the RDMS in order to manipulate data which is generally stored within the RDBMS.

DDL which is known as data definition language that is considered as one of the way that is used by SQL in order to manipulate the data which is generally stored within the RDBMS. DDL or data definition language generally includes number of changes within the table structure including the table creation, alteration in the table, table deletion and more. It is analyzed that all the commands of the DDL are generally auto-committed which means that it generally assists in saving all the changes within the database permanently.

Data Manipulation language is one of the commands of SQL that is mainly used in order to manipulate data which is generally stored within the table but not within the table itself. It is found that DML generally helps in providing proper commands that are generally not properly auto-committed. It generally reflects that the changes within the database are generally not permanent as they generally can be rolled back.

Transaction control language (TCL) is one of the commands that is mainly utilized for checking the other commands that generally helps in creating impact on the database. It is found that this commands generally make changes with the help of other types of commands by rolling the entire data back into the original state. This command is mainly helpful in making any type of temporary change into permanent.

Data control language (DCL) is one of the commands that generally assists in granting and for taking back the entire authority from the database users. It is found that the commands that are utilized include grant as well as revoke. Grant is mainly used for granting the permission of right whereas the option of revoke is mainly used for taking permission.

Types of SQL

The various types of SQL are elaborated below:

SQLite: SQLite is one of the process-based libraries that generally assists in implementing a serverless, transactional, self-contained as well as zero configuration SQL database engine. It is found that the code that is associated with SQLite is within the public domain and therefore it is available for free and can be utilized for any purpose including private or commercial. It is found that the SQLite is one of the most widely utilized database within the entire world with number of applications including different types of high-profile projects. SQLite is found to be embedded with the database of SQL engine and unlike most of the database of the SQL, it generally does not have proper server procedure. It generally assists in reading as well as writing directly within the ordinary disk files.

MySQL: MYSQL is defined as one of the open source relationship database management system that is generally based on the structured query language that runs on number of platforms including UNIX, Linux and Windows. It is found that although it can be utilized within number of applications, it is associated with the online phishing as well as various types of online applications. It is generally considered as one of the significant components of an open enterprise stack that is mainly known as LAMP.

SQL: SQL is one of the domain-based language that is mainly utilized for programming in order to manage the data that is generally held within the RDBMS for processing the stream. It is found that SQL is generally utilized for handling the data where the relations between various entities of the data. It is identified that SQL assists in providing offers for two of the important advantages including older write/Read API. SQL is mainly utilized in order to modify the database table as well as the index structures for adding, deleting as well as updating rows of data by retrieving number of subsets of the entire information within the database in order to process the entire transaction as well as for the various analytical applications.

PostgreSQL: PostgreSQL is one of the powerful as well as open source object relational database system that is mainly uses as well as generally assists in extending the SQL language that is mainly related with number of features as well as factors that helps in safely storing and scaling the complicated work. It is found that PostgreSQL generally helps in earns a proper reputation because of its architecture, data integrity, reliability, extensibility and more. It generally runs on all the operating system that has been generally the ACID compliant from the year 2001 and it mainly ahs powerful add on including the popular PostGIS database extender.

History of SQL

SQL or Structured Query Language is one of the most commonly known terms in the field of Database Management System or DBMS. Structured Query Language is a domain-specific language that is used in the programming for the purpose of designing and development of relational database management systems. RDBMS or Relational database management system relates to the software packages that manage and handle the backend system of a relational data model. A relational database is one that allows the database designers to store data in a more relational format within the database. This includes the creation of tables, also known as entities that store data about the respective object. Multiple tables are meant to be created and maintained with well-defined relationship among each other.

SQL was formerly developed at IBM by Donald D. Chamberlin and Raymond F. Boyce, who learned about the relational data model from TeddChodd in the early 1970s. It was formerly known as SEQUEL which was the commonly used abbreviation for Structured English Query Language. This language was designed with the aim to suffice the needs of manipulation and retrieval of data within IBM’s quasi-relational database system. However, in the late 1970s, Oracle Corporation who were then working under the name of Relation Software Inc. developed their own SQL based relational database system, which were later commercially sold from the year 1976. From thereon, almost every 4 years a newer version of the software is released, which brings new modularity to the language and also increases the work efficiency of the relational data model system.

Case Study of the XYZ Dataflow Management System Application

Here, the case study of an Information Technology (IT) farm is to be highlighted with special notation for their implementation of a SQLite database in order to develop and android application that will compile the needs of their workflow management system. They use this application for assigning tasks to the various levels within their organization and maintain coherency and transparency wherever needed.

XYZ Pvt. Ltd. is a tech farm who deal in software and web development projects and mostly they have their tasks outsourced to external employees who either work part time for them or are categorized as freelancers. They have designed and developed this work flow management system application to be used on the android applications. This application is meant to keep track of all the data that comes in from the clients and the managerial ends and these are hence forwarded to the employees who can easily analyse the messages and report to work accordingly. The clients, when they book a task through the web portal of the company, the task manager representative of the company switches the tasks that are drawing towards success, into the mobile application alongside all the necessary details of the allocation and service information that are involved.

The application is build using the Java programming language and utilizes the light weight SQLite database as its backend. The SQLite database helps to uniquely store data in an independent fashion only within the local device. This allows the manager to use his smartphone to regularly update the necessary task based information in his application and then take required follow-ups whenever necessary.

The manager is required to login using the registration details that are stored in the server which gets a One-Time connection to the application at start-up time. If the login is successful, the data on the server side database is brought up into the SQLite database to enrich the local storage. This database is then used throughout the entire session of the app. At logout, the new data is exported back to the server as a back-up medium. SQLite allows a relational data model through which the several aspects of the tasks can be stored within the app. This includes separate entities for the clients, employees and tasks that are assigned with all necessary attributes that they are meant to behold. Special relationship tables also exist that link the employee entities to the tasks and keep records of the work that is being done by the individual employees. The relational model also allows the manager to use the application in order to search for particular tasks or employees with their unique IDs that are represented using their special primary keys within the database tables. Through this, the manager can bring up necessary information regarding the same. One crucial use case of the application would be to find the employee who is working on a particular task and has made more than 5 escalated submissions. The application will run necessary queries underneath the interface and retrieve results from the underlying database tables and display them on the screen.

The XYZ workflow management system application is an example of how a light weight SQL programming language can be used to maintain transparency and store a chain of works done within an organization.

Types of databases

There are various types of databases based on different levels. Some of the databases have been discussed below:

Hierarchical database

A DBMS that have relationships with data in the database that gave been established in a way that one item of data can be present as the subordinate of another data in the table. The use of the hierarchical database have been helping in creating a relationship between parent child relationships. There have been presence of direct relationship among them. This kind of database follow a tree structure in the management system. Therefore, there are no backward movement of data in the management system. It was developed by IBM in 1968.

Network database

A network database has been considered to be containing many-to-many communication paradigm. Therefore, internet databases have been commonly used in various organization for connecting various computing resources together. Development include file sharing, blogs, tagging helps in in maintaining a keen approach to the storage of the data and information in the system. The use of the many-to many concept of the database have been helping in maintaining data of millions of people all over the world. The database space if the network have been large in this case. The evolution of the many-to-many computing paradigm have been receiving information from various parts of the internet.

Relational database

RDBMS is a database that contains relationships in the form of the table. The use of the table have been helping in maintaining a proper approach to the filling of data a in the table. There have been three keys in the DBMS including relation, domain and attributes. These are the fundamental components of the RDMS. The relationship among these components have been discussed in the relational database. The relation among these data have been maintained by different examples including Oracle, Informix and Microsoft SQL server.

Case study

Workflow management system have been one of the most interesting topic in the android application arena. These management systems have been hoeing in supporting various modern organization within a focal length of the processes. The use of the data base management system in the work flow management system have been integrating various services to the user .The transaction concept in the workflow management system have been helping in providing a keen approach to the development of an application. There are various advantages of the workflow management systems including leading to proper management of the better specification in the development of database.

A proper flow of data in the system can be maintained in order to provide a keen approach to the user. The main goal of employing workflow system has been reducing turnaround times. The integration of the workflow system have been maintaining a basic approach to the maintenance of the data along the system. The concept of the workflow have been derived from the flow of data and information in an organization or an application. The use of the workflow management system in the database have been helping in maintaining a keen approach to the development of the application for android. The workflows might hemps in providing a major impact in the design of the application. The flow if the data and information in the application have been described in the management system. The computational behaviour of the resources used in the management systems have been developing for maintenance of the application. The static aspects if the workflows have been including of all the components in the management system. The basic elements of a workflow can be activities, data objects and agents. There are several activities that can be improved in the workflow management systems for development of the application. The use of the data base management system in the work flow management system have been integrating various services to the user. The use if the database management system in the workflow system has been helping in creating a major impact in the development of the application in the context. The case study has been discussed in this section.

DB lite

A relational database management system is used for the development of the database and it can be embedded with the end program for the storage of the information. It is highly compatible with different types of applications and thus it is termed as ACID compliant. The lite database is an ideal choice of the database administrator for the development of the embedded database and it use it for different client applications, web browsers and software. It is the most widely deployed database and is wide spreading with the evolution of the mobile and web passed applications. It can be used for binding different types of programming languages and for designing the lite database. The sql lite is different from the other database management system because there are no standalone processes used for communication with the application program. There is a linked in SQL lite library which can act as an integral part of the application. The functionality is used by the application program with the use of simple function calls. The function call helps in reducing the database access latency and because the function is called within a single process and it is more efficient than the inter process communication. The design of the database is kept simple and the details of the database are stored such as definitions, indices, tables and data itself and it is used to form a file with single cross platform functionality for the host machine. Since the design is a server less design less configuration are needed to be done and it reduces the effort of the data base administrator. There is also no requirement for the management of the service and the operation. The control for access of the database is performed file system permission used for the management of the database itself. The client server system and another implication is that there are several processes that are not given to write on the database. In case of connection of the local database developed in sql lite with the server based management system it is important to maintain a relation and control the flow of information for increasing the security of the application. Internal locks are handled by the daemon and for the management of the internal data and it is dependent of the locks of the file system. The other processes running on the system are unknown and for the process running and accessing the same database at the same time. Sql lite is not the best choice for the write intensive application and thus selected for the development of the mobile application where there are minimum requirement to write and for the simple querries the overheads of passing the data into another process is eliminated and thus the response time of the syetm is reduced.

Conclusion

From the above report it can be concluded that the application of database management and workflow management system for the development of a project can help in combining the high level workflow of the conceptual model. It helps management of the flow of information and creation of a distributed model based on standardization such that there is less error in the final developed software product. There are different functionality that can be gained with the development of the workflow management system such as increasing the reliability and efficiency of the project. The workflow should be mapped with the triggers such that the consistency is maintained for the management of the business process and provide exception, errors and automatic handling of the process. The report is prepared for discussion on the use of SQL for the management system and providing database support. The sql is used for the development of the database for the information system and maintaining a set of relation for handling the structured data and relating the entities with each other. The report discussed about the structured querry language and ait application for the development of different types of database. The case study is analysed for the development of the database of the mobile application and for the development of the database oracle database mobile server is selected. The oracle database mobile server is sued for the linking a large number of physically remote database that is synchronized with the backend oracle database system. A serverless database system is designed and since it is ideal for the small web application and is portable.

Bibliography

Abadi, D., Agrawal, R., Ailamaki, A., Balazinska, M., Bernstein, P.A., Carey, M.J., Chaudhuri, S., Dean, J., Doan, A., Franklin, M.J. and Gehrke, J., 2016. The Beckman report on database research. Communications of the ACM, 59(2), pp.92-99.

Carrión, A., Caballer, M., Blanquer, I., Kotowski, N. and Dávila, A.M.R., 2015, January. A Multi-Platform Workflow Management System optimized for Cloud Computing Platforms. In International Conf. Par. and Dist. Proc. Tech. and Appl..

Chang, C., Srirama, S.N. and Buyya, R., 2017. Mobile cloud business process management system for the internet of things: a survey. ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR), 49(4), p.70.

Chang, J.F., 2016. Business process management systems: strategy and implementation. Auerbach Publications.

da Silva, R.F., Filgueira, R., Pietri, I., Jiang, M., Sakellariou, R. and Deelman, E., 2017. A characterization of workflow management systems for extreme-scale applications. Future Generation Computer Systems, 75, pp.228-238.

Dai, L.I.U., 2015. The Management Information System Research of Ideological and Political Work Based on Workflow.

Dave, B., Kubler, S., Främling, K. and Koskela, L., 2016. Opportunities for enhanced lean construction management using Internet of Things standards. Automation in construction, 61, pp.86-97.

De, K., Golubkov, D., Klimentov, A., Potekhin, M., Vaniachine, A. and Atlas Collaboration, 2014. Task management in the new ATLAS production system. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series (Vol. 513, No. 3, p. 032078). IOP Publishing.

Deelman, E., Vahi, K., Juve, G., Rynge, M., Callaghan, S., Maechling, P.J., Mayani, R., Chen, W., da Silva, R.F., Livny, M. and Wenger, K., 2015. Pegasus, a workflow management system for science automation. Future Generation Computer Systems, 46, pp.17-35.Kerzner, H. and Kerzner, H.R., 2017. Project management: a systems approach to planning, scheduling, and controlling. John Wiley & Sons.

Fang, S., Xu, L., Zhu, Y., Liu, Y., Liu, Z., Pei, H., Yan, J. and Zhang, H., 2015. An integrated information system for snowmelt flood early-warning based on internet of things. Information Systems Frontiers, 17(2), pp.321-335.

Ferme, V., Ivanchikj, A. and Pautasso, C., 2015, August. A framework for benchmarking BPMN 2.0 workflow management systems. In International Conference on Business Process Management (pp. 251-259). Springer, Cham.

Ferme, V., Ivanchikj, A., Pautasso, C., Skouradaki, M. and Leymann, F., 2016, April. A Container-centric Methodology for Benchmarking Workflow Management Systems. In CLOSER (2) (pp. 74-84).

Giffels, M., Guo, Y., Kuznetsov, V., Magini, N. and Wildish, T., 2014. The CMS data management system. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series (Vol. 513, No. 4, p. 042052). IOP Publishing.

Gudivada, V.N., Rao, D. and Raghavan, V.V., 2016. Renaissance in database management: navigating the landscape of candidate systems. Computer, 49(4), pp.31-42.

Jain, A., Ong, S.P., Chen, W., Medasani, B., Qu, X., Kocher, M., Brafman, M., Petretto, G., Rignanese, G.M., Hautier, G. and Gunter, D., 2015. FireWorks: A dynamic workflow system designed for high?throughput applications. Concurrency and Computation: Practice and Experience, 27(17), pp.5037-5059.

Krojer, T., Talon, R., Pearce, N., Collins, P., Douangamath, A., Brandao-Neto, J., Dias, A., Marsden, B. and von Delft, F., 2017. The XChemExplorer graphical workflow tool for routine or large-scale protein–ligand structure determination. Acta Crystallographica Section D: Structural Biology, 73(3), pp.267-278.

Liu, J., Pacitti, E., Valduriez, P. and Mattoso, M., 2015. A survey of data-intensive scientific workflow management. Journal of Grid Computing, 13(4), pp.457-493.

Marozzo, F., Talia, D. and Trunfio, P., 2018. A workflow management system for scalable data mining on clouds. IEEE Transactions on Services Computing, 11(3), pp.480-492.

Mosweu, O., Bwalya, K. and Mutshewa, A., 2016. Examining factors affecting the adoption and usage of document workflow management system (DWMS) using the UTAUT model: Case of Botswana. Records Management Journal, 26(1), pp.38-67.

Nelson, G., Sweeney, P., Wallace, L.E., Rabeler, R.K., Allard, D., Brown, H., Carter, J.R., Denslow, M.W., Ellwood, E.R., Germain?Aubrey, C.C. and Gilbert, E., 2015. Digitization workflows for flat sheets and packets of plants, algae, and fungi. Applications in plant sciences, 3(9), p.1500065.

Pavlo, A., Angulo, G., Arulraj, J., Lin, H., Lin, J., Ma, L., Menon, P., Mowry, T.C., Perron, M., Quah, I. and Santurkar, S., 2017. Self-Driving Database Management Systems. In CIDR.

Pourmirza, S., Peters, S., Dijkman, R. and Grefen, P., 2017. A systematic literature review on the architecture of business process management systems. Information Systems, 66, pp.43-58.

Reijers, H.A., Vanderfeesten, I. and van der Aalst, W.M., 2016. The effectiveness of workflow management systems: A longitudinal study. International Journal of Information Management, 36(1), pp.126-141.

Schulte, S., Janiesch, C., Venugopal, S., Weber, I. and Hoenisch, P., 2015. Elastic Business Process Management: State of the art and open challenges for BPM in the cloud. Future Generation Computer Systems, 46, pp.36-50.

Vartak, M., Subramanyam, H., Lee, W.E., Viswanathan, S., Husnoo, S., Madden, S. and Zaharia, M., 2016, June. M odel DB: a system for machine learning model management. In Proceedings of the Workshop on Human-In-the-Loop Data Analytics (p. 14). ACM.

Vukojevic-Haupt, K., Haupt, F., Leymann, F. and Reinfurt, L., 2015, August. Bootstrapping complex workflow middleware systems into the cloud. In 2015 IEEE 11th International Conference on e-Science (e-Science) (pp. 126-135). IEEE.

Zhao, J., Huang, C., Wang, J. and Qian, C., 2017, September. Implementing Business-to-Customer, IT Outsourcing and Workflow Management System to Exploit China Education Market for Durham University. In Computer Network, Electronic and Automation (ICCNEA), 2017 International Conference on (pp. 72-79). IEEE.

Zhao, Y., Li, Y., Raicu, I., Lu, S., Tian, W. and Liu, H., 2015. Enabling scalable scientific workflow management in the Cloud. Future Generation Computer Systems, 46, pp.3-16.