Aht022 Terrorism - International Crime Assessment Answers

Answer:

Introduction

There are many factors that are affected by terrorism in the world, however, the media and the politicians have somehow ran with the crucial topic as a political agenda and in the process either under-state or over-state the effects of terrorism (Ballard, 2005). The effects of terrorism have been understated; in fact it is a full blown disaster that has led to deaths, displacements and loss of properties. Fox news, cable news (CNN) and many other media stations including the Al- Jazeera have understated the effects of terrorism while politicians led their governments like the United States, United Kingdom and France to start a political war on terror.

Here are some of the examples which has led to media and politicians

With this effects and terrorism on the rise, radicle groups like ISIS, Al- Qaida and Taliban have influenced the states politically especially in Syria, Afghanistan, Iraq and Libya. A threat, at least, is concrete: in an audio recording hung on jihadist forums, Al Qaeda leader Ayman al-Zawahiri accuses the United States of having "conspired" with the Egyptian army and the Coptic Christian minority to have the deposed To Egyptian Islamist President Mohamed Mursi a month ago (Freedman and Thussu, 2012).

The United States on Friday issued a global warning to warn that the Al Qaeda network could launch an attack in the Middle East or North Africa in August. While the jihadist propaganda about recovering Al-Andalus may seem eccentric and delusional, al-Qaeda and the Islamic State (IS) view Europe as one of its main battlefields. They have never hidden it, and the memory of the historic Umayyad caliphate that extended from Persia to the Pyrenees through all of North Africa operates in the Islamic holy war mythology as one of its main referents. Since the self-proclamation of the SI as a caliphate by Al Baghdadi in 2014, control of the Maghreb has become one of the main objectives for the spread of jihadist terrorism (Haugen, 2006).

A few years earlier, the misuse of the Libyan intervention of an international coalition led by France to overthrow Gaddafi made the country a failed state in the hands of multiple factions that divide the territory and the oil wells with no more control than that of the military force. And in that enclave without government both IS and Al Qaeda have found the platform aimed to make the leap to Europe. Between the two international jihadists, in addition, there is a declared competence to see who commits the most shocking attacks and is done with the domination of international terrorism (Kassimeris, 2008).

Threats by terrorists groups due to politicians and media

Because another of the threats mentioned in the reports refers to the potential danger of jihadists returning to their countries of origin from the Middle East. Since the IS began to lose ground in Syria and Iraq, due to pressure from the Western powers, at least 30% of those terrorists, some with Spanish and French nationalities, are returning to Europe, in many cases to become In solitary wolves or to swell the ranks of murderous commands. In the Spanish case, according to the data in possession of the Security Forces, there are 200 people from our country participating in the Syrian war. Of the 30 who returned, 15 are in prison accused of terrorism.

The next government should not evade the involvement of our country in such important foci as the Sahel, where there is a large contingent deployed, or put the fight against terror on a secondary level. A fight that must have as an immediate priority the fight against the IS and Al Qaeda in the territories where they are settled. The international community can no longer continue to avoid the Libyan reality and must intervene to put an end to the current situation of chaos that has become a real threat to Europe (Kassimeris, 2008).

Also, as we have defended from these pages, Spain must collaborate to the best of its possibilities in the struggle in Syria and Iraq against the IS, where both the US, Russian and Iranian bombings are pushing back the terrorists. That is why it is bad news for the growing distrust between Russia and the United States, the main powers of the anti-IS coalition, just one day before the one-week deadline before the joint intervention begins. The attack by American planes on positions of the Syrian army, which they have hastened to call "unintentional", threatens the recent pact between Kerry and Lavrov. The UN has also denounced that the Government of Asad is not allowing, as promised, humanitarian aid to reach Aleppo, where over 250,000 people live under siege

As terrorism has increased over the past 10 years, efforts to understand and manage its consequences have also increased. Like toxic accidents, environmental threats, natural disasters and car accidents, terrorism is a major traumatic event. However, its scarce frequency and random appearance, its tendency to occur in "safe" places, the enormous threat it poses to life, as well as its manifest intention to harm, give terrorism a unique psychological toxicity.

In this study, the authors examine potential mechanisms (perceived risk and vulnerability) through which media attention to terrorist attacks affects psychological adaptation and produces symptoms of post-traumatic stress and changes in the perspective of those who are far from Place of the episode.

The study focuses on the anthrax attacks that followed the tragic events of September 11, 2001. As society recovered from the latter, bioterrorist attacks began in the United States. Anthrax-containing letters were sent to Florida, New York and Washington D.C. In total 22 people were infected and 5 died. A nexus between 9/11 and anthrax attacks was never shown, but both were presented in the same context (O'Kane, 2016).

Such acts of terrorism have a high stressing potential that affects victims and their families and can threaten an entire community or nation. Media attention from terrorist and bioterrorist attacks generated an increased perception of future risk and may have contributed to the negative psychological effects observed in geographically distant communities.

Methods

The objective of this study was to evaluate the adaptations that followed the bioterrorist attacks in the USA. Two or three months after the onset of the anthrax attacks, exposure to 9/11 was analyzed, perceived risk of exposure to anthrax, posttraumatic stress, psychological distress and outlook; At 6 months of this evaluation, a second one was performed (Simons, 2016).

Participants completed a questionnaire sent by post. Although the sender, the University of Pittsburgh, was clearly specified, there were delays consistent with the great threat of bioterrorism at the time, which might have led to the apprehension of opening the envelope.

Results

In this study, contact with anthrax was limited to media exposure. No participant knew a victim or personally received an anthrax letter. While in the second interview, the media exposure of the topic had declined markedly, most participants felt that journalistic coverage had been adequate.
It was observed that men watched less news than women, and older men than younger men. In this sense, no relationship was found with educational level or with marital status.

With regard to 9/11, most of the participants reported high attention to the media, especially during the same 9/11. Those less exposed to the 9/11 news, kept the same behavior on the occasion of the anthrax attacks. This relationship between anthrax and 9/11 could have represented certain personality characteristics of the participants in relation to their information search behavior, although further studies demonstrated independence of both variables.

The participants' perception of anthrax risk largely predicted the anguish and changes in the worldview after the terrorist attacks; In fact, this might have represented the effects of media attention on anthrax. Discussion This study examined the relationship between media attention and distress following the bioterrorist anthrax attacks following the 9/11 hijackings and air strikes. Many people were repeatedly exposed to these tragedies by reading, watching, or hearing the details of attacks through the media; This contributed to spreading the impact of the disaster to people who did not live in the region. The study population was located some distance from the places where the four aircraft hijacked. People were especially inclined to contact the media immediately after the disasters occurred. On the other hand, the initial attention to the media, when the anthrax attacks had just been detected, showed a relationship consistent with the anguish in the long term (Townshend, 2011). Evidence suggests that those unaffected directly by terrorist acts, also experienced anguish as a reaction to the threat.

Augusta and media attention The media attention could have increased the anguish or people could have tried to handle this anguish by contacting the media. Turned people more vulnerable to the mental effects of terrorism and have generated more information search on the attacks. The more traumatized people who were experiencing the greatest distress might have been more likely to contact the media as a way to mitigate their own experiences. On the contrary, it is possible that the graphic, detailed media communications of the terrorist attacks , Have caused fear and horror. This might even have led to victimization and victimization of viewers. The findings then illustrate the importance of media exposure in relation to distress. Media attention regarding anthrax and anxiety showed a positive relationship. Likewise, terrorism can induce feelings of helplessness that have been associated with major depression and post-traumatic stress. Finally, terrorism intentionally introduces into the victims' sphere, both direct and indirect, some issues in the political sphere.

Global Terrorism Home, Challenges and Political-Legal Means of Fighting

September 11, 2001 brought with it, in addition to global outrage and a new international political-juridical order, the emergence of a new phenomenon: global terrorism.

In this article, then, we will try to describe how global terrorism presents itself after the 9/11 attacks. We will also explain the phenomenon of global terrorism by differentiating it from the globalization of terrorism; Finally, we will detail how the international community confronts global terrorism.

In this chapter we will explain through an evolutionary vision the new phenomenon that has destabilized the world order: global terrorism. In addition we will explain some of its most relevant characteristics including finally a personal definition (Townshend, 2011).

Evolution of terrorism

While it is true that the terrorist phenomenon is rather a modern phenomenon and that its most relevant antecedents are found in the French Revolution with the "Regime of Terror", as well as with facts linked to the revolutionary struggle (in Tsarist Russia of the Romanov) and in the imperialist nationalism of the Medji restoration against the Tokugawa shogun ate in Japan, 1 the most remarkable terrorist acts of the last decades will be part of this point.

We can say that terrorism has gone through a historical process. In general, in the more recent past, sixties and seventies, international terrorism had as its main objective the liquidation of its victims in the midst of a large audience. Example, "Black September" in the Munich Olympics. The main ones were, above all, so-called revolutionary groups that had a strategy of taking power (political terrorism).

Also in the 1990s, the use of weapons of mass destruction (such as chemical, biological and bacteriological weapons) was started for terrorist purposes. In 1990, the Liberation Tigers of
The case of the sending of anthrax by mail immediately after the 9/11 attacks perpetrated by Osama Bin Laden's Al-Qaeda group represents the emergence of bioterrorism. However, the mere fact that terrorists could have access to nuclear technology creates widespread fear.

After the events of the fateful 9/11, these acts were classified as terrorist acts by the Security Council in its Resolution; However, the President of the United States of America declared them acts of war, and he continued to insist. Terrorism and war would mingle according to the American perception (Tan, 2006).
When terrorism massacres humans, a wave of moral indignation is set in motion. We said moral indignation. It is enough to review statements and columns of opinion, written or said in hot on the steaming irons of the Madrid trains, to recover the words of repudiation. From New York to Madrid, through so many martyred cities: Casablanca, Istanbul, the terms are repeated again and again. Terrorists are "savages," "barbarians," irrational concoctions determined to destroy civilized life. This has been repeated by both the media and politicians (Tan, 2006).

No one can deny the truths contained in those voices of condemnation. However, shortly after we take a look at the years between 11 September and 11 March, perhaps an even more sinister fact would be worth highlighting. What does the terrorism of the Al-Qaeda network seek, beyond the annihilation of the other, and even at the price of giving up their own lives to accomplish this purpose?. Therefore, in light of this, terrorism should be put in the spotlight more often.

I think they are looking for two things: first, of course, the death of an enemy whom they judge as the embodiment of absolute evil; Secondly, in the manner of a concealed design, the transformation of the world into an ordeal of blood in which all participate. Terrorism not only carries out massacres. It also pretends to imitate it or, at least, to change the established power relations. If, through imitation, they succeeded in turning the enemy into a new terrorist, the suppliers of explosives and executioners who perpetrate the attacks will be welcome (Slocum, 2005). There is, therefore, in the makers of this plot, a long-term strategic objective: the terrorist needs, in order to nourish his resentment with new elements, that everyone is a terrorist. We must thank the wisdom of democratic institutions that we have not led to this universal dehumanization. Nonetheless, the subsequent threats and fear of such acts are already affecting the quality of freedoms in battered nations. Here we enter fully into the terrain of consequences, because although it has failed to achieve the ultimate goal of imitation, terrorism has provoked political effects of extreme importance (Slocum, 2005).

After the attacks in Buenos Aires to the embassy of Israel and the AMIA, in our country these effects have consolidated the impunity, one of the most serious deficiencies of our democracy. At the official Argentine level little is known and little is tested. Paradox of consequences, as Max Weber said: by punishing our country twice, terrorism has also torn the veil of a tremendous deprivation of justice. For now, it has become clear that the damage inflicted on so many victims has not been repaired.

If we follow the development of this sequence, it seems redundant to point out the profound changes that have taken place in US politics after 9/11. Two wars, in Afghanistan and Iraq (the first with full international support), inspired by a missionary vision with an eschatological dye, aimed at remaking some States dominated by tyrannical regimes or accomplices of terrorist organizations. This was escalated by politics (Saul, 2012).

This reaction does not rule out calculation or lying to justify what was done. The trite issue of Saddam Hussein's weapons of mass destruction, which never appeared, condenses these attitudes. On the other hand, there is no sobering and necessary balance of actions and their consequences in the formulation of this "war on terrorism". The postwar period in Iraq is a little encouraging example of that lack since the Iraqi resistance is a new version of terrorist behavior.

The tragedy of March 11 in Spain is in line with this background. One of the most complicated political effects of September 11 has been the repeated impact of the unity of the European Union since the beginning of the war in Iraq. In terms of foreign policy, the European Union split in two. Some supported the war and others questioned it. Together with Blair, the British Prime Minister, and with the support of the Eastern European countries, the government of José María Aznar played with enthusiasm the charter of solidarity with the United States.

This sharp definition, never accepted by the majority of the worlds public opinion, did not in principle affect the popularity of the government, but deepened the divisions in Europe (divisions, by the way, which is not alien to the rupture of the stability pact by part Of the great founding countries of the European Union, France and Germany). Indeed, since the war in Iraq, disagreements have continued to deepen in Europe, particularly in recent months when it was necessary to adopt a constitution capable of politically reinforcing the economic achievements of half a century. What Romano Prodi has called the weakening of the European spirit, is a perverse effect of these years dominated by terrorism and counter terrorism (Saul, 2012). This is certainly not the only cause, but it is as if the long-paced pacts had been fired elsewhere, with an aggravating factor that should not leave us indifferent: if the world of associative and democratic will declines among Contiguous countries, aimed at establishing regions of integration and solidarity, we are likely to end up again giving birth to an international system in which a small number of large states will be involved. At present, this determining factor is exercised by a single actor (the United States).

It would be desirable that, together with future suitors like China, these areas of integration could develop in the manner of a wedge or a balancing factor. Merced to the electoral change that occurred days after the massacre (a change preceded by an environment Of pain, unfortunately infected by the manipulation of information), opens the opportunity to return resolutely to Europe. It will not be easy, given the prevailing climate, but it sets the most desirable path. U.S was born to democracy, with the implementation of its party system and the takeoff of its economy, thanks to a united Europe that helped and protected it. It must therefore return to the path of consensus within its frontiers and with respect to its nearest contour, without stopping for a moment in its fight against the darts of anarchy and terrorism. Therefore it is necessary for this anarchy to be put in the spotlight, hence, terrorism has not been overstated.

In Bombing a plane, hijacking it or knocking it down is much more difficult than perpetrating a murder. But the terrorists will continue to try, because they know our fears.

An airplane took off in Paris heading for Cairo. Like every day. Although this time the aircraft disappears from the air detection and control systems shortly before reaching its destination. A dreadful parenthesis opens suddenly, enveloping the lives of 66 people. After the first few hours, the guesswork begins. A technical accident? Perhaps, although there are no signs or distress messages that prove it. Inevitably, the choice of a terrorist attack earns credit. The media and social networks put it, authorities and experts admit it as probable.

The ship could have exploded by detonating an artifact housed inside it, just as it happened to that other plane left from Sharm el-Sheikh at the end of last October, bursting with its 224 people on board by the Egyptian Daesh. Although satellites usually pick up these things and this time they have not. Or so it is believed. The search in the waters of the Mediterranean brings the first remains ... but soon it is noticed that they do not correspond ... Few hours later appear other remains that do seem authentic. Meanwhile, the French authorities inspect the airport facilities from which EgyptAir flight MS804 departed and investigate its passage. This are some of the terrorist incidents that were heighted by the media.

This point is reached when these lines are written. In the absence of a credible claim that is not known whether it will arrive,only the examination of the materials found may clarify the causes of what already seems a consummate tragedy (Saul, 2012). But, whether or not the thesis of an act is confirmed

That, as if not, the substantive questions raised by the disappearance of the MS804 flight will remain. Is it prudent to speak of attacks when there is still no evidence to substantiate this possibility? To what extent can terrorism affect air safety and the proper functioning of other transport networks? Is public perception of such risks correct. This must be highlighted by the media.

In the four months following the 9/11 attacks, US airline revenues fell by almost 20%, with losses continuing throughout 2002. European companies saw their 2011 profits reduced by more than 7 billion euros . And air traffic decreased by 10.6%. Many workers in the airline industry lost their jobs. As can be seen, the effects of fear of new attacks in flight were notably serious, especially in the short term, because the uneasiness caused by such infrequent incidents (erroneously baptized by a certain press as 'psychosis') ends up referring if they take repeat. 

Undoubtedly, the fear initially raised tends to disproportion. Since the airports exist, the phobia to fly gives work to armies of psychologists. However, no one has a phobia about four-wheeled vehicles, whose accident frequency is incomparably higher than that of aircrafts, and thousands of people die every year - far more than they do on an airplane or Cause of a terrorist attack. However, few tragedies (terrorists or not) generate as much anxiety as those involving airplanes, because everything related to them disturbs many. 

This is partly due to the fact that, whatever their cause, air accidents concentrate a high number of deaths in a single incident, which sets in motion a chain of effects that contribute to its exaggeration: the news reaches many people directly and Captures the sustained attention of the media, leaving a deep imprint on the memory that facilitates their later recall. And the facts that are most easily evoked tend to appear much more likely and frequent than those whose recall requires a greater effort (Woolf, n.d.). Consequently, as much as we are told that aviation is the safest means of transport of all, which is still a statistical certainty, nothing is more natural than to exaggerate the danger that terrorism poses to it. It should be remembered from time to time, especially on days like these. 

But the matter also has a different face, for terrorists know our fears very well and their trade consists in manipulating them. Shocking and frightening many more people than those they serve as their direct victims is the essence of terrorism, and attacks against air targets ensure maximum psychological and social impact. For several decades that purpose has become something of an obsession for some terrorist organizations (including today's jihadists).

Thus, it is not by chance that the worst terrorist attack of history Oria was perpetrated with commercial aircraft. Nor can it be ignored that from 2001 until today we have faced various air strike plans, each one more ingenious than the previous one: aircraft converted into missiles, shoes and bomb printers, liquid explosives or attached to the skin, etc. Finally, several attacks in recent months have exposed attempts to exploit a new airport vulnerability such as the recruitment of workers with access to cargo areas: this is the case of the attack already mentioned against a Russian aircraft taken off from Sharm el- Sheikh on 31 October 2015; But also of the solitary death of a suicide bomber aboard a flight between Mogadishu and Djibouti on February 2 of this year (Woolf, n.d.). The good news is that blowing up a bomb inside a plane, hijacking it or knocking it down is much more difficult To carry out a murder or to carry out an armed assault on land. This explains why most attempts at air strikes fail. But the bad news is that they will not stop looking for new ways to try and they will surely achieve it again.

Conclusion

With this hypothesis the security agencies work and it is good that the population is aware of what justifies many measures and some intrusions, undoubtedly annoying but necessary to reduce the risks to their minimum possible expression. In short, it is advisable that authorities and communicators resist the Temptation to exaggerate threats. However, falling short on these issues can be as bad as exaggerating (Woolf, n.d.). Or worse Share the post "Air Terrorism: Between Exaggeration and Unconsciousness". Thus Terrorism has not been overstated by the media and politicians. It only needs to be handled in the right way. 

References

Ballard, J. (2005). Terrorism, media, and public policy. Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press.

Freedman, D. and Thussu, D. (2012). Media and terrorism. London: SAGE.

Haugen, D. (2006). Terrorism. Farmington Hills, MI: Greenhaven Press [u.a.].

Haugen, D. and Musser, S. (2008). Terrorism. Detroit: Greenhaven Press.

Hess, S. and Kalb, M. (2004). The media and the war on terrorism. Karachi: Oxford University Press.

Kassimeris, G. (2008). Playing politics with terrorism. New York: Columbia University Press.

O'Kane, R. (2016). Terrorism. [Place of publication not identified]: Routledge.

Saul, B. (2012). Terrorism. Oxford: Hart Publishing.

Simons, G. (2016). Mass media and modern warfare. London: Routledge.

Slocum, J. (2005). Terrorism, media, liberation. New Brunswick: N.J.

Stewart, G. (2002). Terrorism. San Diego, Calif.: Kidhaven Press.

Tan, A. (2006). The politics of terrorism. London [England]: Routledge.

Townshend, C. (2011). Terrorism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Woolf, A. (n.d.). Terrorism.