ACFI2208 Performance Measurement in Organizations

Figures in £000
Year 2019	Year 2018
Gross profit = 28,400 Revenue = 80,000	Gross profit = 35,600 Revenue = 98,000
Therefore, Gross profit ratio = 28400/ 80000 = 0.36	Therefore, Gross profit ratio = 35600/ 98000 = 0.36

Figures in £000
Year 2019	Year 2018
Operating income = 14,700 Revenue = 80,000	Gross profit = 18,250 Revenue = 98,000
Therefore, Operating profit margin = 14700/ 80000 = 0.18	Therefore, Operating profit margin = 18250/ 98000 = 0.19

Figures in £000
Year 2019	Year 2018
Net income = 11,762 Shareholder equity = 81,960	Net income = 14,602 Shareholder equity = 90,100
Therefore, ROE = 11762/ 81,960 = 0.14	Therefore, ROE = 14602/ 90,100 = 0.16

The company was able to pay better returns to shareholders in 2018 than in 2019 by 0.02

4. Return on Assets

ROA = Net income/ Total assets

The company was more efficient in 2018 than 2019 as it was able to realise a better return on invested assets

Liquidity Ratios

They assess the ability to pay debts.

1. Current Ratio

= current assets/ current liabilities

The company is capable of paying short-term liabilities more efficiently in 2018 than in 2019 however its current position is good.

2. Acid-test Ratio

= current assets-inventories/ current liabilities

The company is a position to pay short-term debts without selling inventories however the position was better in 2018.

1. Evaluating bankruptcy for Plummer Plc.

= 1.2(A) + 1.4(B) + 3.3(C) + 0.6(D) + 1.0(E)

Limitations of Altman Z-Score

1. This formula does not take into account the deferred revenue
2. The formula also depends on the credibility of the financial data provided by the company since it uses data directly from the company, (Altman, 2013).
3. The formula shows a one financial year score where a company might have performed poorly of well due to some factors hence does not show the long-term situation, (Altman, 2013).

1. International Dimension in Accounting

Reasons for different accounting practices.

1. The type of capital market. The capital market authorities of different countries have different financial presentation requirements on presentation of financial reports. Hence, these makes a difference in the way figures will be valued.
2. Type of legislative system. The type of law followed by different countries also differs. Some financial requirements and treatments are highlighted by law and enforced by the government which may result in difference in the accounting practices, (Delen, et al, 2013).
3. The financial reporting system. From the universal IFRS, different counties have adopted their methods of financial reporting with bodies regulating them. Hence, the accounting practices will differ.
4. Economic and Political system. Different economic zones have a similar way of approaching to financial matters. Political system in different countries have been linked with significant influence in financial operations. Therefore, different political systems is different regions or blocks will have different influence to the financial system, impacting differently on financial presentation hence accounting practices will differ, (Komala, and Nugroho, 2013).

Section B: Performance Measurement and Project Appraisal

Question 1 (a) Division Performance Measurement

1. ROI

ROI = (Net Income / Cost of Investment)*100

Net Income = £3.8m

Cost of Investment = £20m

ROI = (3.8 / 20)*100

= 19%

1. RI

RI = (Controllable Margin - Required Return) * Average Operating Assets

Controllable Margin = £3.2m, (3.8-0.6)

Required Return = 0.05, (5%)

Average Operating Assets = £20m

RI = (3.2 – 0.05) * 20

RI = £63 million

• Discussion on whether RI should be introduced

Return on investment measures the investment return of the department which will measured as income earned in operations by the divided against the department total assets. The department return is 19% which means that it is able to generate £0.19 in every £1 invested in it.

According to the Residual Income, a representation of the excess income in the department over its opportunity cost was valued at £63 million.

Valuing the department however using ROI creates a room for the department head not to invest in projects that will reduce the department’s compound ROI however the projects might be having a return than the required minimum return, (Al-Matari, et al, 2014). Therefore, RI will be useful to allocate the investment resources in the department and hence calculate manager bonuses depending to the extent of positivity of the realized RI margin.

1. Importance of non-financial performance measurement
2. Non-Financial measures helps in understanding the strengths and weaknesses of a business. They help the business understand certain aspects that are not captured in financial statement such as wait times that a customers will wait before they are served, (Sohrabi, 2017). For example, Zeta can use a feedback survey KPI as a non-financial measurement to measure its rate of satisfying the customers.
3. Non-financial measures are also useful in understanding and evaluating the performance of the business. However this can be indicated by financial measures, tracing it back to the resultant variable requires non-financial measures, (Dobrovic, et al, 2018). For example, Zeta can use employee turnover rate survey to understand the reasons for a high budget allocation in the human resource section.
4. Non-financial Key performance Indicators are always useful in helping the employees in formulating steps to achieve the strategic the company. They are indicates to employees on what should be done, (Komala, and Nugroho, 2013). For example, Zeta can use overdue project percentage rates to show projects that are behind schedule improving employees’ efficiency.

Question 1(b) Project Appraisal

1. Calculation of the Two projects IRR, Payback Period and NPV.

1. Discussions on the best project to take.

From the above calculation, the NPV for Project A and B is £14.927m and £7.7582 respectively. Project A has therefore a hire NPV than project B. NPV method has the advantage of considering the time value of money, hence helping the management in planning. Its disadvantage is that it does consider other costs that are associated with a project and it is not useful to compare different types of projects, (Žižlavský, 2014).

The IRR of project A and B is 18% and 33% respectively. Project B has therefore a higher IRR than project A. the advantage of this method of appraisal is that it show the rate at which the investment will be generating annual returns. IRR has however the disadvantage of not showing the returns on actual pounds but percentages which may lead to poor decisions, (Götze, et al, 2008).

The Payback Period for the investment in project A and B is 2years in both cases. The projects are therefore expected to payback the initial cost of investment at year 2. The method has an advantage of finding projects that can return initial costs early enough and generate profits, (Johansson, and Kriström, 2015). However, the method has a disadvantage of not considering the time value of money and the cash flows after the payback period.

Therefore, considering Payback Period constant, the company should invest in project A since it has a far way large NPV B by almost double.

References.

Al-Matari, E. M., Al-Swidi, A. K., & Fadzil, F. H. B. (2014). The measurements of firm performance's dimensions. Asian Journal of Finance & Accounting, 6(1), 24.

Altman, E. I. (2013). Predicting financial distress of companies: revisiting the Z-score and ZETA® models. In Handbook of research methods and applications in empirical finance. Edward Elgar Publishing.

Delen, D., Kuzey, C., & Uyar, A. (2013). Measuring firm performance using financial ratios: A decision tree approach. Expert Systems with Applications, 40(10), 3970-3983.

Dobrovic, J., Lambovska, M., Gallo, P., & Timkova, V. (2018). Non-financial indicators and their importance in small and medium-sized enterprises. Journal of Competitiveness, 10(2), 41.

Götze, U., Northcott, D., & Schuster, P. (2008). Investment appraisal. Methods and Models, Berlin, Heidelberg 2008.

Johansson, P. O., & Kriström, B. (2015). Cost-benefit analysis for project appraisal. Cambridge University Press.

Komala, L. A. P., & Nugroho, P. I. (2013). The Effects of Profitability Ratio, Liquidity, and Debt towards Investment Return. Journal of Business and Economics, 4(11), 1176-1186.

Sohrabi, M. (2017). The Relationship between Non-Financial Innovative Management Accounting Tools and Risk and Return of Iranian Stock Market Listed Companies. Dutch Journal of Finance and Management, 1(2), 40.

Žižlavský, O. (2014). Net present value approach: method for economic assessment of innovation projects. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 156, 506-512.