2804NRS Human Pathophysiology and Pharmacology-Pathophysiology of Margaret
Explain the links between cellular pathology and the pathophysiology of the diagnosed disease Describe how the pathophysiology of the disease accounts for the patient’s clinical manifestations and Analyse and interpret evidence based research to suggest appropriate diagnostic assessments and treatment modalities for the patient’s diagnosis.
Answer:
The pathophysiology of osteoarthritis Osteoarthritis is one of the complex disease whose pathogenesis includes the contribution of biomechanical and metabolic factors (Santini et al., 2014). These factors alter the tissue homeostasis of articular cartilage and subchondral bone. This can determine the predominance of destructive over productive processes (Baboolal et al., 2015). Pathophysiology of Margaret are: she is feeling pain in guts and joints. During bending the, joints sound like cracking and grating.
Pathophysiology of Margaret are: She is feeling pain in guts and joints. During bending the, joints sound like cracking and grating. Knees become tender during working in her farm. The hydration of the cartilages and proteoglycans are increasing. This changes promotes the increased amount of Water in ligaments, bones and tissues.
Pathophysiology Affect lower and upper limb Specific collagen includes MMP-1 and MMP-13, distinguish the ability to degradation Changes in joint structure Syovial cellular layer forms articular surfaces ad prevent the oxygen and nutrition supply to bones and tissues cartilage degradation due to the osteoarthritis Production of nitric oxide Cartilage catabolism Apoptosis of chondrocytes Reduction of concentration and size of hyaluronic acid molecule and cartilage oligomeric matrix protein level (Olivotto et al., 2015)
Another factors of the osteoarthritis are genetic factor, hormones, metabolic factors, nutritional factors, body weight, injuries an acquired deformities, strength muscular and overload and joint impact. Pathophysiology of Margaret are: she is feeling pain in guts and joints. During bending the, joints sound like cracking and grating. Knees become tender during working in her farm. The hydration of the cartilages and proteoglycans are increasing. This changes promotes the increased amount of Water in ligaments, bones and tissues.
Another clinical manifestation of osteoarthritis are hands joints, knee joints, shoulder joints, hip joints, joints of ankles, foot joints, spinal joints, elbow joints and wrist joints. The treatment of the osteoarthritis includes medication and therapy. In case of osteoarthritis, pain is the first symptoms that shows the signs of major symptoms, which Margaret faced (Meng et al., 2017). Osteoarthritis occurs in the conjunction of the bones and joints. In case of Margaret, she is facing the problems since teenage. She loves to play netball and still tries to play every thus day evening. During playing, she feels much pain in knees and cannot work properly. In case of diagnosis, there are various tests that can help the patient as well as the doctors. In case of Margaret, doctors said that the cause of osteoarthritis previous injuries that is secondary. Doctor is doubting about the general joint tear and wear.
The medication includes acetaminophen, non steroid anti-inflammation drugs and duloxetine. On the other hand, the therapies include the physical therapy, occupational therapy, tai chi and yoga (Cao et al., 2014). Another treatment is surgery. In case of Margaret, she can be fine via medication and yoga. She did not need any surgery.
Reference List
Asou, Y., Iwata, M., Ochi, H., Ailixiding, M., Aibibula, Z., Piao, J., ... & Okawa, A. (2016).
Pleiotropic Functions of High Fat Diet in the Etiology of Osteoarthritis. PloS one, 11(9), e0162794. Baboolal, T. G., Mastbergen, S. C., Jones, E., Calder, S. J., Lafeber, F. P., & McGonagle, D. (2015).
Synovial fluid hyaluronan mediates MSC attachment to cartilage, a potential novel mechanism contributing to cartilage repair in osteoarthritis using knee joint distraction. Annals of the rheumatic diseases, annrheumdis-2014.
Brown, G. A. (2013). AAOS Clinical Practice Guideline: Treatment of Osteoarthritis of the Knee: Evidence?Based Guideline. Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, 21(9), 577-579. Cao, K., Wei, L., Zhang, Z., Guo, L., Zhang, C., Li, Y., ... & Wei, X. (2014).
Decreased histone deacetylase 4 is associated with human osteoarthritis cartilage degeneration by releasing histone deacetylase 4 inhibition of runt-related transcription factor-2 and increasing osteoarthritis-related genes: a novel mechanism of human osteoarthritis cartilage degeneration. Arthritis research & therapy, 16(6), 491.
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