You should research and write about the topic "ENDOCRINE DISRUPTORS IN WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS"

Introduction

The process in wastewater treatment is of sufficient amount of importance in maintaining and promoting cleanliness in the environment. Untreated waste from factories and other industrial sources affect the overall hygiene of the water body and threaten marine biodiversity. It is important for the industrial wastes to undergo sufficient amount of treatment before its disposal in water bodies. Treatment of wastewater involves sufficient amount of stages and steps necessary to be performed for ensuring overall effectiveness in treatment patterns. The general steps of wastewater treatment mainly include filtration, coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, and filtration. The main process in the study deals with proper representation and analysis of wastewater parameters and the mode of specifications to be used for performing necessary treatment process. The problem statement in the study deals with problems in water treatment process.

Water Treatment plant 

Executive summary

Water is the primary requisites and requirements for survival of mankind. Water for the consumption of the human beings is obtained from surface water. It is important for surface water to undergo treatment process before its final distribution. Surface water sources may involve water from underground sources or from rivers. Sufficient amount of treatment procedures are necessary to be used for achieving maximum efficiency. 

B. Chapter 1 Technical Summary of the project planning period and population projections 

Effluent characteristics and essential parameters
The quantity and nature of effluents in wastewater are mentioned below:
?Suspended solids of 100 mg/l
?pH value ranges from 5.5 to 9.0
?Temperature ranging and not exceeding above the range of 5 degrees
The effluent characteristics and properties are analyzed and implemented for maximum value in work process and daily work functions. Adeleye et al (2016) commented that the effluents determined are to analyze based on its effluent characteristics for increasing overall value to the quality of the treatment process. The technical process is important and necessary to be properly developed for maximum possible value to the quality of waste treatment. The technical development process in wastewater treatment is important and highly used for increasing workflows and assuring maximum services to the quality of waste treatment.
Population forecasting is one of the most important and essential factors necessary to be predicted for designing the water supply systems (Ali, I., 2014). It is one of the most important and essential necessities for predicting the amount of population in a specific amount of time. As per the given data, the amount of population at 0 years is about 45,709. The rate of growth is about 5% per annum. Increase in population can be estimated by experimental increase method, the formula for this method is given as follows:
P=Po e^kt
Where:
K indicates the amount of growth of population per year
T indicates the time period 
Based on the formula, the amount of growth of population per year can be calculated.
suggests the amount of growth of population with the passage of time. Based on the calculations, it is observed the growth of population is of 58, 692. The population amount for the next five years is predicted to undergo growth up to 75,362. The growth rate of the population up to 20 years is predicted to be about 1, 24, 251. The growth rate of populations at about 5% growth rate stands as per the figure 1. The design for water treatment is necessary to be designed for supporting populations for 1,24, 251 at 20 years. In many areas and conditions,  the demand for freshwater is likely to increase. As a result of changing climate and scarcity of freshwater, the supply of freshwater goes on decreasing. Apart from that, increase and rapid development of human population with the passage of time, increase in the amount of land use and energy generation places a tremendous amount of pressure on limited resources of water.
Arriaga et al. (2016) mentioned that the water supply and support capability must be designed for future population. It is therefore essential and important for population forecast in order to design water supplies.  

Water quantity estimation

The quantity of water, which are necessary to be estimated is necessary for municipal usages for supporting the demand of existing population and future population. The estimation of water quantity is determined by two main factors are stated as follows:
?Rate of water consumption which is per capita demand per person per day   
?The amount of population to be served
The factors affecting per capita demand are stated as follows
?Size of the town/city: The size of town or city strongly impacts on per capita water demand. Per capita demand for bigger towns and cities are greater than small towns 
?Industrialization: Presence of sufficient amount of industries and sufficient amount of urbanization in the area leads to increase and growth in water supply requirements
?Climate: Conditions and the nature of the climate affect water demand. Presence of warm weather and humid conditions requires sufficient water requirement(Awaleh&Soubaneh2014)
The per capita water demand for population is given as 150 gallons/day/person
The water quantity demand is calculated as follows:
Water quantity = Total amount of population * per capita water demand

The number of water demands for supporting the population is mentioned in figure number 2. The water represented in gallons. After 20 years the water demand will increase to 18,63,7650. The maximum amount of water demand requirements is estimated for about 20 years period for maximum efficiency. The minimum water demand is up to 6856350. 
The water treatment plant must be properly designed to withstand maximum pressure from an increase in population.

Recommendations for water treatment plant

The main recommendations for improving efficiency at the water treatment plant are mentioned below:
?The particulars for wastewater treatment and dimensions of wastewater treatment must be effectively designed for supporting populations for 20 year growth period
?The sewers must be properly designed for ensuring maximum  amount of efficiency

C. Chapter 2 Water Treatment Plant Option A

As a result of the high cost of drinking and lack of availability of water from all sources, it is essential for municipalities and other sources to use and adopt treated surface water. Sufficient amounts of workflow and related technical process are improved and developed. Treatment of conventional and surface water involves a significant amount of steps necessary to be ensured for ensuring maximum and overall effectiveness in treatment patterns (Merzari, Andreottola & Fiori 2016).The general steps of waste treatment mainly include filtration, sedimentation filtration, coagulation, and flocculation. Proper representation and analysis of wastewater parameters are necessary and important to be identified for ensuring maximum productivity. The mode of specifications for treatment is important for performing necessary treatment process. Proper tools and necessary techniques are devised for offering the maximum amount of treatment to surface water. Surface water mainly consists of following elements stated as follows:
?High dosage of suspended solids
?Sufficient amount of bacteria, virus, and algae
?Organic constituent 
?Suspended matter small in quantity
Presence of organic constituent and organic matter are responsible for responsible for producing relatively bad taste and strong odor. The treatment process undergoes various modes of necessary treatment process each directed to remove specific waste matter. The necessary steps for wastewater treatment are mentioned below:
?The first involves collection of surface water from its sources, the surface water to be treated is collected from relevant sources
?As per figure 1, the first step in treatment process involves coagulation. In this process, coagulation is performed with the help of certain chemicals. Certain amount of chemicals  are added in the wastewater to make the particles relatively heavier
?Coagulation helps in suspension of particles. Sufficient amount of waste particles in the wastewater are concentrated 
?The next step involves flocculation. It is the next step to coagulation. It is performed with the help of rotating blades. It helps in concentration of matter and helps in settling of foreign matters and promotes early settlement
?The next stage involves sedimentation. It is processed after flocculation. It consists of the settlement of particles in a silting basin.  Proper detention time is selected depending upon the type of waste and its characteristics. The average detention time ranges from 30 minutes to 1 hour depending upon waste characteristics. 
?The last stage involves filtration. It is used to filter fine particles and waste. Normally slow sand filter or rapid sand filter is recommended for the treatment process. Normally slow sand filter is recommended for treatment process
?The following steps involve further purification such as Ozone or reverse osmosis methods for further treatment depending upon the requirements

Figure 2.1: Flow diagram for surface wastewater treatment
Surface water is one of the most important and essential sources which may be used by mankind