War on Terrorism

On the other hand, the culture demonstrates that terrorism efforts and attacks all around the world have disturbed the relationship of Jewish, Christian, and Muslim culture. Afghanistan and Iraq wars are the biggest examples of this. For that reason, in the 21st century, religion will be entrapped with political, ecological, social, economic and cultural dynamics.
It will create the environment of tension, fear, and fuel resistance to all over the world. These things will be visible in acts of terrorism (Tuzuner, 2010). Along with this, the popular culture also explains that terrorism of the 21st century also involves all the things of the 20^th century. But, the youth culture may play a major role to reduce the terrorism in the 21st century. The popular culture states that the religion will be root of terrorism in the 21st century.

Currently, terrorism has created an environment of fear, anxiety and terror to all over the world. But, the emotions like fear, anxiety and terror cannot reduce the impact of terrorism. Apart from this, in real, emotions of people play a significant role in order to increase the terrorist attacks and activities in the world. The major reason behind it is that the objective of terrorist is only to spread and create fear in the minds of people. In other words, it also can be said that, the success of terrorism is only measured by its ability of spreading fear and triggering emotions among its targets (Waxman, 2011). Terrorist takes help of the emotions of people to accomplish their aims and objectives in a specified time period. Terrorist believe that by spreading fear and terror within the public they can make pressure on the government to proceed in ways they desire.

Along with this, terrorist accept as true that fear, terror, anxiety, etc. are crucial to accomplish their political strategy in a desired way. Emotions of people are the major tools that the terrorist use to fulfill their goals in a proper way. For that reason, it is clear that, emotions of people do not reduce the impact of terrorism. In opposite to this, emotions improve the impact of terrorism. In this situation, stronger beliefs of the people may beneficial in order to reduce fear and anxiety of the people. So, people must follow stronger coping beliefs to reduce their emotions in an appropriate way. The reduced emotions will make people stronger at the time of terrorists’ attacks (Bongar, 2007). As a result, it can be said that, stronger coping beliefs will be advantageous to reduce the impact of terrorism in an effective and a more comprehensive manner.

Terrorism is only the most visible form of violence in a system of violence that sustains geopolitical normality. There are numerous reasons behind this. For case, the main reason is that, at the time of terrorist attacks, all the nations come together to found an appropriate solution to deal the situation in an appropriate way. For instance, the 9/11 attacks is a major example that show that how terror changes the geopolitical setting of the nations. On the other hand, it should be noted down that, terrorists basically use social terror to put in force the regularization process of the governments of the nations. In this situation, geographical and political regularity as well as unity of nations play a critical role to reduce the impact of social terror on the regularization process of the governments (Huggan and Law, 2011). They also make efforts to standardize their economy and society in order to maintain geopolitical normality effectively.

Apart from this, the reality is that terrorism is only the most visible form of violence that makes efforts to ruin the geopolitical normality of nation. It is because of the major objective of terrorists is to break the unity of the nations; so they may accomplish their desired goals in a very easy way. But, all the nations are aware about the strategies of the terrorists. So, they make all their possible efforts to maintain unity and geopolitical normality at the time of crisis. In fact, terrorism is a sign of geopolitical disentanglement. It affects international relations of nations on a global level. Alternatively, it gives power to the nations; so they can handle all the situations in a proper way (Morgan, 2009). As a result, it can be said that terrorism is the most visible form of violence that sustains geopolitical normality effectively. 

PART: 2

Introduction

It is well-known that, nowadays, terrorism has become a major topic of discussion to all over the world. Terrorist are using violence or terror as a tactic to achieve their goals as well as objectives. In this situation, all the nations are making their best efforts to face the continuing challenges of terrorism, violence and war. This research essay is helpful to describe the role of theory in responding to the ongoing challenges of terrorism, violence and war in an effective way.

Role of Theory to Respond the Ongoing Challenges of Terrorism, Violence and War

Terrorism has been emerged as a major problem that is creating the environment of violence and fear in the world. Terrorists are implementing terrorism, violence and war to accomplish their political as well as social goals in an unscrupulous way.  Along with this, theories play important roles in order to respond the ongoing challenges of terrorism, violence and war in an effective and a more comprehensive manner. Terrorism theories are also considered as the major field of terrorism studies. Terrorism theories play a significant role in order to comprehend terrorism as a social construction that is used to certain violent acts all the way through a range of political, legal and intellectual processes (Christensen, Lægreid and Rykkja, 2012). Moreover, the theories are also used to understand and analysis dominant forms of terrorism in an effective way.

On the other hand, the major objective of terrorism theories is to approach the enduring challenges of terrorism in a critical way. Moreover, the theories also beneficial to adopt and implement a more self-consciously approach to deal with the challenges of terrorism in an appropriate way. The theory also plays an important role in order to suggest an alternative way that may be beneficial to respond the ongoing challenges of terrorism, violence and war effectively. Along with this, ontological and epistemological are the two major theories that offer different perspectives in the studies of terrorism (Thackrah, 2013). According to the ontological perspective, terrorism is basically a social fact as opposed to brute fact. Moreover, the epistemological theory states that terrorism studies are social processes those rely on contextual factors for the human safety and security.

In addition to this, there are numerous important roles that the terrorism theories should play in responding to the ongoing challenges of terrorism, violence and war. For case, the theory should illustrate that terrorism is influencing the whole society and it is a social process. So, the people should work jointly to defeat the constant challenges of terrorism in an effective and a proper manner. Along with this, the theory should address the areas of terror deterrence, intelligence congregation and information distribution to confirm the human safety and home security. Moreover, the theories should offer community policing practices that may be beneficial to support the safety and security of nations or people (Heazle, 2012). For case, adoption of the philosophy organization-wide, delegation of decision-making & accountability, distribution of geographic & general responsibilities, and deployment of volunteer resources are some of the major examples of these community policing practices.

Along with this, the theories should recommend law enforcement in order to respond the challenges of terrorism, violence and war in an effective way. The main reason behind it is that these law enforcement officers make contacts with the people who are either openly or circuitously occupied in the terrorist activities. It is because of with the help of these contacts, the officers come to know about the potential terrorist activities and make efforts to fail these activities for the safety and security of people or nations (Bossong, 2011). Moreover, the theories should play a critical role in order to comprehend the nature, dynamics, and procedures of international terrorist groups that they may maneuver in or against the nations. The theorist should also recognize the movements, locations and plans of terrorist groups for the safety or security of the nations.

In the same manner, the terrorism theories should assemble & analyze perspicacity on probable terrorist activities, demeanor threat assessments, and also perform inquiries & investigations in responding to the ongoing challenges of terrorism, violence and war in an appropriate way. Moreover, the theory should play a major role to improve the intellectual power of the people; so they become to understand the hidden motives of the terrorists. They may understand that terrorism only works for the distortion of the humanity. People should know that their unity is a major tool that can play a major role to overcome the continuing challenges of terrorism, violence and war (Rineheart, 2010). In this situation, the theory should conduct effective training program to improve the education level of people towards the terrorism. It is because of with the help of this, they would be able to apply effective problem solving tactics or strategies to defeat the constant challenges of terrorism in an effective and an appropriate manner.

Conclusion

On the premise of the above analysis, it can be said that, the theories of terrorism may play    important roles to reduce the ongoing challenges of terrorism and to create an environment of peace within the nations.

References

Bongar, B.M. (2007). Psychology of Terrorism. USA: Oxford University Press.

Bossong, R. (2011). Public good theory and the ‘added value’of the EU’s counterterrorism policy. Economics of Security Working Paper, (42).

Christensen, T., Lægreid, P. and Rykkja, L.H. (2012). How to cope with a terrorist attack?–A challenge for the political and administrative leadership (pp. 1-35). COCOPS Working Paper 6.

Heazle, M. (2012). Uncertainty in Policy Making: Values and Evidence in Complex Decisions. NY: Routledge.

Howie, L. (2011). Terror on the Screen: Witnesses and the Re-animation of 9/11 as Image-event, Popular Culture. USA: New Academia Publishing, LLC.

Huggan, G. and Law, I. (2011). Racism Postcolonialism Europe. Australia: Liverpool University Press.

Morgan, M. (2009). The Impact of 9/11 on Religion and Philosophy: The Day that Changed Everything? USA: Springer.

Rineheart, J. (2010). Counterterrorism and Counterinsurgency. Perspectives on Terrorism, 4(5).

Thackrah, J.R. (2013). Dictionary of Terrorism. NY: Routledge.

Tuzuner, M. (2010). Intelligence Cooperation Practices in the 21st Century: Towards a Culture of Sharing. USA: IOS Press.

Waxman, D. (2011). Living with terror, not living in terror: the impact of chronic terrorism on Israeli society. Perspectives on Terrorism, 5(5-6).