Use of Hazards Information to Reduce Disaster Losses-Free-Samples

The way disaster is perceived nowadays are due to the work is done in this field by Samuel Henry Prince. During 1960’s and 1970’s various academic disciplines were dedicated towards nature and disaster studies. The disaster definition can be classified into two levels, national and international.  The World Health Organization definition of disaster is based on the post-disaster health implications. According to International Red Cross, disasters are those factors which cause interference in the life of humans. So basically, when hurricanes, earthquakes leave behind a disruptive and negative impact on the living force, they are termed as a disaster (Mitchell, 2003).

According to CRED (Center for Research on the Epidemiology of Disaster), Belgium defines Disaster as: "A disaster is a situation or event which overwhelms local capacity, necessitating a request to a national or international level for external assistance". It is also defined as, “great damage, loss or destruction results from a sudden catastrophic event.”

It is the effect of a hazard on defenseless or vulnerable areas. In the year 2008, more than 234, 000 humans were killed due to the natural disasters, which affected more than 210 million lives and more than 180US Billion$ property was destroyed. But natural hazards like earthquakes, Tsunamis, and cyclones do not need to become natural disasters. Generally, it is the natural hazard event, which triggers the disaster; the impact on communities is a direct result of a vulnerability in relation to the development factors of a complex nature, like disability, poverty and gender inequality (Organization, 2018).

According to Christopolis, Mitchell, and Liljelund, the main themes of preparation of disaster is efficient and effective abilities and the result of direct response. Providing early warnings and creation of a local response system is a part of disaster preparation.  The definitions for disaster, given by UNDP, McEntire, and Twigg have their own take on the disaster preparation but their themes are similar. The United Nations holds hazard easing as the main source for preparation for disaster and also include planning in its description. McEntire and Twigg also consider the hazard easing as a function of local government, which includes evaluation of hazards and vulnerability. Izadkhak and Hosseini point out that in the event of preparing a community for disaster, education to be the foremost media. Storage of food emergency plans, creating invent
ories of storage commodities is part of it (The University of Sydney, 2018)

The main aim of these programs is to reduce the vulnerability and resilience enhancement of communities to the effects of the natural hazards of negative nature. The Government of Australia has already invested in initiatives for disaster risk reduction in 30 plus partner countries under the Millennium Development Goals. Under this policy, a framework is provided to the Government of Australia’s commitment towards the natural disaster risk reduction (BOND, 1999).

Across the Australian continent, natural disasters like bush-fires, tropical cyclones, and floods keep occurring on a regular basis. More than 1.4$ billion damage is caused by them to businesses, homes, and infrastructure of the country, as well as serious disruption to communities. A review of Australia’s approach is commissioned by the Council of Australian Governments, which deals with natural disasters- response during a disaster event, mitigation to guard against disasters, recovery, and relief efforts post-disaster. A High-Level Group of Officials who are the representatives of State, Commonwealth and Territory Governments and Local Government Association, carried out a review. In this review, the weaknesses and strengths of the country’s current arrangements for natural disaster management were identified (Team, 2015).

Disaster Risk Assessment: Understanding exposure, vulnerability and interaction of hazards are quite crucial in the effective prevention of disaster. Risk assessments thus, become a fundamental feature in most of the work carried out by UNDP on disaster risk reduction and recovery.  According to Hyogo Framework for Action 2005-2015 “The starting point for reducing disaster risk lies in the knowledge of the hazards and the physical, social, economic and environmental vulnerabilities and of the ways in which hazards and vulnerabilities are changing in the short and long term, followed by action taken on the basis of that knowledge.”

The profitability of harmful consequences, like damaged property, lost livelihoods, casualties, environmental damages and disrupted economic activity, which are caused and created by interactions between natural or human-induced hazards and vulnerable conditions, are defined as a risk by UNDP. It is a process in which, it is determined that what is the nature of such risk and up to what extent it will effect. This is done by analysis of hazards and evaluating the current vulnerability conditions, which can result in harming the property, people, environment and livelihoods, on which they depend. The magnitude and likelihood of potential losses are evaluated under comprehensive risk assessment, as well as a better understanding of the impact and causes of such losses is provided. Thus, it becomes an integral part of policy-making processes and decision making and it requires that there is a close collaboration among different parts of the society or community (Wijkman, 2005).

UNDP Approach: Risk assessment involves estimation of potential losses and what will be their impact, determining the risk acceptable level. After determining the acceptable and current risk levels, disaster risk reduction plans and strategies could be developed or revised in a manner so that they have the quantifying goal of minimizing the existing risk to a level of acceptance. Periodic risk evaluation helps in providing an explicit indication of risk reduction progress. The effectiveness of the efforts of the disaster risk reduction can be evaluated and necessary changes can be made to the strategies and plans (FEMA, 2018).

Few examples of UNDP in actions are:

Indonesia: In 2008, National Disaster Management Agency (BNPB) was established and it helped in the development of disaster loss database for the country. UNDP in collaboration with Indonesian Government customize the database system according to the suitability of the requirements of government. This database helps in guiding the current DRR plan and for monitoring the disaster impact on below the line community.

Hazard and Risk Assessment in Australia: Hazard and risk assessment are two different concepts. In hazard assessment, below mentioned factors are considered, like in the past where and when the hazardous processes have occurred, its frequency of occurrence, the magnitude of the past hazardous processes etc. Whereas, risk assessment involves, assessment of hazards from scientific, socio-economic point of view. It involves hazard assessment, infrastructure and other building in the area, the vulnerability of the community according to the disaster physical effects. With the help of risk assessment, scientists and decision-makers can be provided some kind of help in comparing and evaluating hazards potentiality, priorities can be set about the possible mitigation and resource allocation etc.

Following steps are involved in risk assessment:

Hazard Assessment: The types of hazards are identified by researchers that can happen in the future or have happened in the past. For different hazards, different tools and techniques are used.

Vulnerability Assessment: The degree of vulnerability, elements at risk and causes of the elements at risks are determined in this step. Inventory is prepared according to the elements which are prone to hazard (UNDP, 2010).

Capacity Assessment: The available resources and strengths are identified in this step, which can help in reducing the level of risk.

People’s perception of Risk: In this process, it is found out that what will be the perceptions of heterogeneous groups in the community in response to any kind of risk, hazard or disaster.

Natural disasters cause huge losses to Australia in the form of regular and high unbudgeted cost, which happen occasionally, like a flood in the Queensland. In a report of Productivity Commission which was drafted as Inquiry into Natural Disaster Funding (PC 2014), it is mentioned that on post-disaster recovery and reconstruction for last 10 years, the Australian Government unbudgeted expenditure was new to 8 Billion $. Expenditure by the State and Territory government in the last 10 years was near to 5.6 Billion $ on the post-disaster recovery and reconstruction. Loss of life caused due to natural disasters between 1900-2011 was near to 8,200 fatalities.

The solution to this problem lies in investment in mitigation and risk assessment. The forecasts of the losses due to natural disaster have grabbed the attention of the policymakers to make an investment in mitigation of pre-disaster. It was observed that preventive mitigation is quite cost-effective in comparison to the continuation of response to fund, recovery and relief programs etc. Due to risk assessment and planning, risk can be assessed and prioritized in a determination of achieving greater benefits from mitigation. During the national emergencies and disasters, it is the responsibility of the states and territories to ensure the safety of the citizens. The National Governance structure of emergency management reports to the Council of Australian Governments. The national application of risk management is led by the Risk Assessment, Measurement and Mitigation Subcommittee of Australia-New Zealand Emergency Management Committee (Roberts & Sexton, 2016).

For calculating the disaster risk before it happens or occurs, hazard information is fundamental as it is also used for documenting post-disaster damages and losses. Hazard information plays a vital role in documenting losses and damages associated with it. Assessing ex-ante risk of disaster is a probabilistic exercise naturally as future events uncertainties are associated with it. The number of assets and people exposed, vulnerability characteristics and hazard behavior in the future is all included in the variables (Parsons & Johal, 2018).

On the other hand, the ex-post information includes damage data and historical loss, like people killed, hurt or missing and any kind of damage to the physical assets. Using standard methods, the latter can be changed into economic equivalencies. Information about damage or loss on an overtime basis, serve as success evaluation indicator about the efforts involved in risk reduction as well as provides a base for investments in risk reduction calibration.

The basic data include physical losses; people hurt or killed, a geographical area which is affected, time of event etc. In the recent time period, the number of system for recording this information at various levels has increased. At the local and national level, a database for damage and loss due to the disaster has increased and established. Behind the generation of these database and hazard information, there are many driving forces, which are crucial for tracking loss trends over time, identification of geographic distribution of disaster occurrence, the impact of losses on GDP can be assessed, and risk of future disaster can be assessed. There are three broad areas that will benefit from further standardization, depending on above-mentioned factors (Pikusa, 2015).

Hazard event identification and characterization standardization: For the accurate accounting of loss and damages related to the hazard, it is critical that losses should be correctly attributed to the particular hazards to which they are labeled. A different database formats for disaster handle the issue differently. Also, on the basis of magnitude, location, timing, and duration, every hazard event is characterized. In a standardized way, information for few hazards on the basis of these parameters is routinely provided. The start and end dates of disasters and the affected areas are set up by the database operators (Dominey-Howes & Bruce, 2016).

Archiving of data related hazard event and official real-time hazard event: Usually, in case of hazard events, they are not recognized officially and different conclusions are drawn. Guidelines must be developed so that a standard can be set for officially designating a hazard event.

Integration of standards related to hazardous and non-hazard: In improving the risk information, an effort to address the above-mentioned factors must be done.

In the risk assessment, a full suite of scenarios concerned with the hazard is considered, so that risk to the community, agriculture, and infrastructure can be understood. Questions like communities vulnerable to earthquake, building loss due to earthquake can be addressed (Barnes & Bergin, 2016).

Risk Model:

Improved forecasting of events and their impacts can be done with the help of risk models. It is important for such events where the total risk can get affected by any kind of changes in the natural environment. Cost-benefit analysis can be done with the help of risk model for a different kind of mitigation, like, early warning and responses, land use planning etc. Though little risk cannot be avoided, there is a certain risk which can be covered by insurance. With its help, disaster scenario for emergency response and recovery, improvement in awareness among community members and risk acceptance evaluation can be done.  A comprehensive data which embrace vulnerability, exposure and hazard can be embraced for effective development of models of risk. Experts from the physical sciences, engineering, social science, emergency management etc., a field can also carry out the model development work.

A risk is captured by most of these models in a limited context and these are usually confined to the cost of a future disaster or direct damage. For the development of scenarios for response to natural disaster, urban planning, risk acceptance evaluation and community education, advances in risk modeling can be used. These databases and models, need to be tested and validated before it is implemented (Territory, 2003).

In the risk assessment, hazard information is combined with information related to activities of human, natural resources and structures, which later help in determining the likely impacts of a disaster event. The estimate related to the number of deaths and the damage, economic losses extent is provided. A risk assessment must be updated on a regular basis with the changing environment and activities. Based on risk assessment and hazard information, communities and agencies can make informed decisions while implementing strategies during disaster reduction loss. With the help of the Federal Government, the State, Local and Territory Government must update, review and improve their hazard information and risk assessments and put this into the decision-making process. Due to recent advances made in Geographic Information System and computer communications, innovative ways are provided to the decision makers related to risk information and hazard. Earlier the information was provided on maps and charts, but now with advancement in technology, computerized form of every information is available. These can be analyzed and studied in 3D form. For the processing of multi-hazard information, several GIS could be adopted. This kind of system helps in providing local decision-makers up to date hazard and risk assessments. Potential disaster vulnerability can be identified by decision-makers with the help of this information. When planning for capital and safety investment, the information on natural hazard can help business and industry can benefit from it (Middelmann, 2007).

Evaluation of framework for Queensland State Disaster Management Plan

Under the Queensland State Disaster Management Plan, it is the responsibility of the Queensland Fire and Emergency Services (QFES) to prepare an assessment for State Natural Hazard Risk. All the states and territories of Australia, agreed via the Council for Law, Crime and Community Safety to conduct an assessment of risk at State level, by 30th June 2017, so that a national level, discussion, and collaboration can be done. With the help of this research a methodology was developed which tackle the hazard related scientific data and for the analysis of historical or projected impacts uses geospatial information systems. This helps in the identification of vulnerabilities, exposures and subsequent risk. In this approach, at the risk analysis stage, a sense checking is promoted between the scientific data, mapping, and modeling with the knowledge of local resources, which is of utmost importance (World Bank, 2009).

The Queensland Disaster Management Committee in November 2016, endorsed the continued development of the Queensland Emergency Risk Management Framework with the help of this methodology, so that enhanced risk-based planning can be facilitated, in order to be prepared, prevent and respond and recover from the disasters. Under the initiative of “Words into Action”, in the year 2016, the United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction commissioned for the guidelines development on assessment of national disaster risk. It was done to support Sendai Framework Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030 implementation. More than 100 leading experts from different fields contributed towards the development of the guidelines. Their first focus was on Sendai Framework First Priority for Action, which understands the risk attached to the disaster, on which basis, all the disaster risk reduction is measured (Mahul, 2014).

The Queensland Emergency Risk Management Framework is intended to:

• Consistency guidance provision to understand the risk attached to the disaster as a conduit for those risk information which is available publicly. In this, the sharing of information and collaboration framework will be done, including forming strategies and plans for risk reduction.
• Holistic risk assessments encouragement provides an understanding of various disaster risk dimensions.

According to Global Facility for Disaster Risk Reduction (GFDRR) the international community should prioritize the methodology for assessment of the risk involved in a disaster that can inform directly to plan collectively by providing accurate and actionable information on risk. By identifying risks appropriately and anticipating the hazards potential impacts, communities, individuals, and governments can make informed decisions about prevention. With the help of successful assessment of risk, targeted, understandable, authoritative and usable information is produced. It can only be achieved if the creation and usage of information on risk are transparent and there is collaboration in between all the parties involved (Hochrainer-Stigler, Keating, Handmer, & Ladds, 2018).

Disaster Risk Reduction Policy: The international community decided that it is the requirement of the time that sustained and urgent actions should be taken so that economic, environmental and social impact of any kind due to disaster should be minimized. In 2005 January, the World Conference on Disaster Reduction was held in Kobe, Japan. Including Australia, more than 168 countries adopted the Hyogo Framework for Action 2005-2015, which is basically a blueprint of efforts for global disaster reduction. The main goal of the Hyogo Framework is to substantially reduce the losses due to disaster. Its framework outlines five priorities:

• Disaster risk reduction is ensured as a local and national priority.
• Early warning issue after identifying, assessing and monitoring the risk involved in the disaster.
• In building a culture at all levels of safety and resilience, proper use of innovation, knowledge, and education.
• Reduction the underlying risk factors
• For effective response at all levels, strengthening for the disaster preparedness should be done.

A critical guidance has been provided by the Hyogo Framework for Action in an effort in minimizing the risk involved in disaster and it has also helped in making a progress towards the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals (Territory, 2003).

Hazard Information and its usage in reducing the disaster loss: Disaster information helps in reducing the loss due to hazard and disaster, with the method of intensive information gathering. Relevant and accurate information significantly helps in reducing the loss occur due to a natural disaster. The information needed must be provided on a timely basis and easy to understand by the people making policy and taking crucial decisions and it can be put to use for a variety of purposes. Such as, the effects of disasters and physical processes can be predicted with the help of disaster information. This information can also be used for helping the deployed personnel to take a decision and resources at the time of disaster or afterward. Valuable information and data are available from various private and government agencies (Dominey-Howes & Bruce, 2016).

The needs of users vary greatly for information related to the disaster. Like, highly processed data can be required by a few users, or for other users’ raw data is a sufficient. Any which way, it is important that an adequate training is imparted for handling the usage of information. Below mentioned goals can be pursued as the planning for information network for disaster proceeds:

• With the better facility of access to quality of information, decision making can be improved throughout the emergencies.
• The users and their needs can be identified.
• Information products can be provided to the users’ requirements by specifically designing it.
• Mitigation stimulation and facilitation.

Sendai Framework: In support of the above information, Sendai Framework helps the Government and other agencies in preparing for disasters in advance and provide sufficient information to tackle disaster. The United Nations recently adopted Sendai Framework on Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030 and as compared to other policies; this policy puts great emphasis on science and information. It is built on the concept that for any policy making to improve health, lives, and livelihood, it is important to have sufficient information regarding the same. In many countries, including Australia, the new and old risks to communities’ wellbeing and survival co-exist. Rapid and unplanned economic processes, rapid demographic changes, scarcity of livelihood options, poor governance etc, lead to vulnerability and more exposure to disaster in spite of having proper knowledge about the risk. In shaping the risk, an important role has been provided by globalization. The impact of the disaster in one part of the world can be felt by other countries, due to economic interconnectedness. Thus, it becomes essential that to reduce the disaster impact on such a scale should be coordinated and cooperated across the international boundaries (Murray & Blanchard, 2016).

Implementation of Sendai Framework was due to the need to build a connection between information, policy and its practice. There has been a development of a number of systems and programs due to worldwide requirements of monitoring and warning system for hazard and data to inform their output. Computer technology and remote sensing technology have been widely used in this direction. Climate forecasting and sophisticated Earth observation tools are also being developed as data synthesis and presentation tools. The World Meteorological Organization Information System provides a co-ordinated infrastructure which helps in exchanging information regarding water, climate and weather all across the globe. The daily meteorological news is flashed on a daily basis by EU Humanitarian Aid and Civil Protection to all every corner of the world.

It is recommended in Sendai Framework, that methods for loss reporting should be improvised, which include data and information integration on the multiple dimension of risk and data collection standardization. After the assessment of risk, it is required that it is communicated effectively and put to useful application (FAO, 2011).

Information Management for Disaster Risk Reduction: It is stated in the Hyogo Framework, "the starting point for reducing disaster risk and for promoting a culture of disaster resilience lies in the knowledge of the hazards and the physical, social, economic and environmental vulnerabilities to disasters that most societies face, and of the ways in which hazards and vulnerabilities are changing in the short and long term, followed by action taken on the basis of that knowledge."

Learning from the Past: With the use of catalogs of historic events and scientific models, hazard information is generated.  These events and models describe the hazards spatial and temporal dynamics. Information compiled in relation to the infrastructure damages are used for improving the codes of buildings, in case of earthquakes, floods etc. Early warning evacuation procedures are improved by using information on places, where the vulnerable group are present and it helps in the evacuation routes establishment.

Hazard Maps: Combining specific parameters, hazards are elaborated. When used at the national level, these maps are generated in coarse resolution. From hazard to hazard their parameters for usage vary. In a developed country, like Australia, there are flood hazard maps, which show that which part of the country will be flooded after a hundred years.

Vulnerability Information: Due to the economic and social nature of information on vulnerability is difficult to compile. In some cases, vulnerability detailed assessments are conducted at individual houses level by using specific surveys. Due to this medium, more accurate and to the point information is provided on different dimensions. These can be later better tailored for capturing information on the vulnerability of development of several sectors (Middelmann, 2007).

Risk Maps: Risk maps are produced by combining information present on vulnerability and hazard. By elaboration of these maps, it becomes easy to detect which elements are vulnerable and exposed to hazard events.

Disaster risk communication: Communication of information related to risk, vulnerability and hazard should be carefully handled. The aim of this process is to inform the community and the public, but at the same time, negative consequences should be minimized regarding the interpretation of such information.

Identification and collection of data related to hazard are an essential step in hazard assessment. The essential data helps in defining date, location, and extent of such events which took place in the past. Also, in a deterministic or probabilistic manner, hazard catalogs are used with models of risk (Roberts & Sexton, 2016).

Conclusion:

In the essay, various frameworks and policies related to minimizing the disaster loss by using hazard information and risk assessment have been discussed. It has been found out that hazard information and risk assessment plays a vital and crucial role in minimizing the after-effects of disaster and help in its preparedness. In Australia, due to the occurrence of many hazard events, the Government of Australia has taken many initiatives and drafted several policies based on hazard information and risk assessment in the occurrence of such disaster. Other than this, in collaboration with other country government, the Government of Australia has developed many techniques and methodologies to tackle such situations. Also, the international community took steps in the formation of Disaster Risk Reduction Policy, which helps in taking sustained and urgent actions, so that any kind of socio-economic and environmental impact can be minimized. In November 2016, after the formation of the Queensland Disaster Management Committee, enhanced risk-based planning was facilitated, to be ready to prevent and recover from any kind of disaster. Sendai Framework has been developed by the international community, to help the Governments of various countries by providing hazard information to tackle disaster and minimize the loss. To conclude, Australia has undertaken efforts to develop the focus on improvement of risk assessments, improving technologies and information related to warning and evacuation system, mitigation strategies implementation and assisting other developing nations at the time of crisis and sharing information before the event occurs. Risk assessment and hazard information form as a base for disaster management and planning.

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