In your assignment you identify three (3) rehabilitation goals and in partnership with the older person, family carers and healthcare practitioners and you select one (1) rehabilitation goal which becomes the focus of your assignment.
Communicates clearly and uses appropriate academic and professional language
Colloquialisms/ cliché’s not used. No abbreviations, for example, ‘do not’ is written in full (and ‘don’t’ is only used when quoting what another person said). Acronyms are written in full when first cited in your assignment, for example, ‘Department of Health and Ageing (DoHA)’. No ageist or negative stereotypical phrases are used to describe older people, for example, ‘elderly’ is not used.
Describes one (1) rehabilitation goal
A thorough description of one (1) rehabilitation goal is provided in your assignment, for example, how the rehabilitation goal relates to the healthcare of the older person who is the case study in your assignment and what healthcare problems will have a more positive outcome following the successful implementation of the rehabilitation plan to achieve this one (1) rehabilitation goal.
Answer:
Introduction
The modern world with ever-changing trends and gradual shifts in the tastes and the preferences of the people worldwide have resulted to the situations that facilitates and involves the action of several institutions that help in improving and maintaining the standard of living of the people. Rehabilitation is into business due to the changes in the preference patterns and thereby depends on the needs and requirements of the consumers at large. Rehabilitation, in its literary sense means the facilities that are being provided to the people in the process of recovery from any kind of disorder, injury or illness to the normal condition accepted by the society.
The report includes the objectives of undertaking a rehabilitation procedure for an old man and the partnership of the caregivers and the medical practitioners at large. It is to ensure the availability of the resources and the steps and procedures that are being undertaken for achieving the objective of the rehabilitation (Vinogradova et al. 2014). The outcome of the rehabilitation is also being discussed in the sections that follow the report, which helps in rehabilitating the old man, Henry Wellington, to his previous state. The report aims at understanding the goals of the rehabilitation program that was undertaken in order to help the old man and recover him to his early state. The report describes the possible goal that was enumerated by the organization and the steps that was taken by the organization to implement the steps in order to achieve the final objective of the rehabilitation.
Case Study:
The case study is focused on John who is 87 years old living in his own apartment with his family. John has been the patient of the cardiac issues since he was 60 years old along with nerve issues. He was chain smoker from the age of 24 and started taking drug in his late 30’s. It is obvious that the drug addiction is the primary and main cause for his medical issues which has become severe from the last month. The mental condition of John has also been deteriorating for the 15 days. In this condition of his mental and physical health the rehabilitation plan needs to be summarized in terms of the progression of the treatment of the illness of John. The general research refers to the past lifestyle o the person for being the cause of the illness. The rehabilitation plan is needed because it is suggested by family doctor that John needs to e taken care with delicate handling. His daughter has taken charge for the rehabilitation as John only depends on her. His daughter says that her father is unable to recognize anyone in the family without her. In addition, she also has said that John is having communication problem and he is unwilling to go out of the house and does not want to meet any person. Therefore, she has called the rehabilitation team for the effective development of both the mental and physical health of her father. The goals she has chosen for her father are:
- Enhancing the memory of John with the help of the photographs and memory book.
- The improvement of both mental and physical health and mental health.
- Reuniting with the family member as before and being socially more active.
John’s daughter is willing to focus on the second goal as her primary concern is the restoration of the health of her father.
Literature Review:
The literature review of the case study is aimed at the findings of the intervention strategies for the cardiac failure along with the failure of the nervous system. In addition, the most applicable strategies for the improvement of the mental health are sought after. It must be noted that the age, past medical record and the current mental health of the patient are to be remembered while focusing on the health issue of John. The literature that has been used for this case study is Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) online (Wilczynski, Marks and Haynes 2007). The keywords used for the search are:
Database: CINAHL, Google Scholar, Mental Health
Search Items: Rehabilitation, Cardiac failure, Memory, Drug Addict solution
Result: journal Article, Books, Medical Report, Non-government reports
Intervention Strategies:
The intervention strategies are focused on the physical as well as the mental health of the patient. The focused area of the study is the memory, neurodegenerative physiology and hippocampus damage. The study emphasized on the social inclusion and the restoration of the patient. However, the memory of the patient is also a concern of the study. The restoration of the memory and the gradual involvement through the intervention process of the patient is the primary goal of the literature review for the case study.
Tulvings’s Model of memory approaches towards the three kinds of memory as based on the storage system of the same (Tulving 2014). Episodic memory which refers to experience of the past happening and the relationship of the person with the incidents, the semantic memory indicates organized knowledge and facts that the person had accumulated during his past days and the procedural memory relates to the skills and learning of the people and the connection between the motor behavior and the stimuli. All the three types are referred to the patients having both the short and long term memory. Another model by Squire can be referred to the case study. This particular model is based on the two different pathways (Friedman, Klivington and Peterson 2013). The declarative memory indicates the conscious learning and revival of the memory whereas non-declarative model memory is procedural and unconscious retrieval.
The studies on the certain topic on the retrieval of long term memory has not only been focused on the improvement of the memory but also have been focused on the enhancement of the social engagement, recognition and the development of the communication. On the other hand, the IOM model refers to the interaction of the person with the environment (Gharebaghi and Mostafavi 2016). The model identifies the social and physical environmental process as the risk factors that work as the variables of the interaction between the personal with the external components. These factors are capable of retrieval of the physical as well as the mental health.
1. The rehabilitation plan:
The rehabilitation is an important procedure that must be undertaken before considering the rehabilitation procedure. It sets out the goals and the objectives that are required to be fulfilled by the rehabilitation of the people (Everitt & Robbins 2016). Therefore, the formulation of a rehabilitation plan determines and demonstrates the effectiveness and the outcome of the rehabilitation procedure that is being undertaken and determines the effectiveness of the rehabilitation. The plan that is being enumerated in the section thoroughly discusses the impacts of the problem solving procedure undertaken by the organization, and the effectiveness of the planning as per the requirements of the client’s health conditions (Van Wormer & Davis 2016).
1.1 Planning:
The initial step for the planning is to get consent from the family, especially from the daughter of the patient. After receiving the consent from the family, the rehabilitation team had to talk to John in order to understand current mental as well as the physical condition of him. The team also interviewed John and asked few question about his past and families. In addition, they also diagnosed the heart and the nervous system of him in order to understand his capacity of him to undergo the treatment of rehabilitation. The team also focused on the social interaction and the memory issues as John; daughter mentioned that he is unable to recognize anyone in the family except her. Along with this, his daughter mentioned that she wanted her father to be socially active again.
In the process of the goal setting the team set three goals as mentioned above. It was also mentioned that the daughter of the patient wanted to focus on the second goal. Hence, for the successful achievement of the goal, several questions were asked to both John and his daughter. The decision making process in terms of achieving focused goal some steps of the planning process are given below.
1.2 Implementation with the client:
For the successful implementation of the plan of the rehabilitation, a pamphlet briefing the planning and the purpose of the same were provides to John. John marked his desired goal in the pamphlet. The team started execution of the rehabilitation plan in terms of the priority given by John as well as his family. The answers given by them to the questions were useful in this section of rehabilitation process. In the process of implementation, the memory strength of John was tested through the memory game process based on his family. In addition, the cardiac treatment was done on a daily basis through the machinery equipments. For the improvement of the nervous system, the addiction of the drug was tried to reduce with the replacement of the drugs with the medicated drugs. Along with this, the bedside teaching and counseling was going on an interval of three day and he was given a memory book for writing down any kind of remembrance from the past such as important dates, name of places, events and others (White 2013).
In the second part of the implementation of the rehabilitation planning the team emphasized on the social and family interaction (Sofuoglu et al. 2013). John daughter was asked to introduce every member of the family with John on a weekly basis and John was asked to write down everything he can remember about the particular member of his member. On the other hand he was provided with the resources of the photographs, television, his favorite books, stickers of his favorite objects and others. In this stage of the implementation planning, the patient was taken to the outside the house in order to meet new people gain social sense of identity (Stimmel 2014). The staffs of the rehabilitation team gave access the patient to the equipments that he could use by his own for gaining consciousness in his nervous system. In the meantime of the implementation process John was taken with short interview in order to find if he had put any new entries in his memory book. However, all the process made easy for the team to conduct the treatment of the cardiac failure as John was seem to be responding for the same.
Frequency and Intensity:
The visit of the in-charge of the rehabilitation team projects a great impact on the study as well as the rehabilitation process of the plan. The document collected from the visit of the in-charge of the team had been kept separately and the effectiveness of the memory book was assessed at the interval of every 15days. The documentation of the daily report was done twice a day. On the other hand, the intensity of the rehabilitation process includes 5 W’s for the successful assessment of the same in terms of the reminder of the social interaction.
W = What?
W = Where?
W = When? Successful Entry
W = Who?
W =Why?
Therefore, from the above-formulated plan it can be concluded that the plan actually helps in organizing the steps that are required to be taken in a chronological order and implement according to the health requirements of the client.
2. Rehabilitation
Rehabilitation is a procedure, which helps in restoring the concerned person to the health, nor normal life, which was disrupted by incidents and events that took away the former life and the practices from the person (Sobell, Sobell & Ward 2013). It may be subjected to the illness that the person was suffering from or the imprisonment or from certain sort of addiction that the person is into. Rehabilitation, in the modern world of change, have gained increasing amount of responsibilities in maintaining the social structure. In this connection, the concerned person opted for the rehabilitation facilities in order to help him eradicate the addictive nature that he possesses for the drugs. The organization formulated a plan in order to help the person and make the rehabilitation effective and resourceful.
2.1 Development of the plan
The plan that the rehabilitation team formulated is based on the health condition and adhering to the requirements of the client in connection to his health. The basic criteria of the rehabilitation are to make the person aware and undertake certain steps to turn the person away from the habits that the person is into (Shekarchizadeh et al. 2013). The planning of the rehabilitation program for the person depends on the objectives depending on his addiction and the steps have been enumerated accordingly. The rehabilitation program is undertaking the transition of the person from the drug-addicted state to the normal state, which is accepted by the society and his family. The procedure includes steps and activities that thy rehabilitation team needs to understand and undertake in order to make the considerations more feasible to the client.
The development of the plan is based on the requirements of the client and the probable outcome that is necessary considering the health condition of the client. The development of the plan involves the processes that are required to be taken by the rehabilitation team in order to undertake the effective rehabilitation of the client (Pishchulin et al. 2014). As per the requirements of the client and the health conditions of the same a plan is being developed and teams are required to be formulated in order to take care of the needs and requirements of the client. The developmental stage in the planning and the executing process is the most important step as it shows the path taken by the rehabilitation team and sets out an objective for the improvement of the situation faced by the client.
Rehabilitation is a procedure that includes a number of factors that are required to be undertaken in order to make the process run effectively. In order to undertake rehabilitation, proper development and the formulation of the teams and the necessary objects, that support the process, is required to be noted and adhered to (Milivojevic et al. 2012). Every process is being undertaken in order to make use of the resources and derive an outcome. In this context the objective of undertaking the rehabilitation is being enumerated as per the requirements of the client in eradicating the addiction he is into. Moreover, the process being a lengthy one, a proper allotment of the resources and the integrated functioning of the teams is an important criteria that supports the objectives of undertaking the rehabilitation (Richardson et al. 2012).
The teams that are required to be formed are specially based on the case that is being adhered to in this context. A team of experts, who have knowledge of the drugs and the ways in which they can be eradicated, is being chosen. The team is chosen keeping in mind the case of the client and adhering to the requirements therein. Moreover, an experienced team can help the client in understanding and taking care of the alternate habits that will help him in keeping himself away from the drugs (Miller & Heather 2013). The most common thing that is required to be undertaken by the team is to make sure that the client follows the daily schedule and the activities that the team will be chalking out for the client. The main objective of the formulation of the medical experts is to guide the client in training his mind without the drugs. Addiction is a psychological factor and therefore it can be controlled through various steps of the activities that are enumerated by the team for the client.
The rehabilitation team also formulates a caretaking team, which looks after the interests of the client and monitors over the behavioral change of the client in the days in which the drug is not being provided to the client. The most important aspect of the formulation of a team of caretakers is to maintain the safety and the security of the client as the client might grow violent when the drug will not be provided to him (Connors et al. 2013). Therefore, the team looks after the safety and the security of the client and thereby monitors the wellbeing of the client. The rehabilitation procedure seems to be incomplete without the involvement of the team as the team not only looks after the client’s requirements but also sticks on to the medication procedure and note the changes that the client might face during the undertaking of the rehabilitation procedure.
Therefore, the rehabilitation team also takes care of the objects that are required in order to fulfill their objective of rehabilitating the individual and his gradual recovery from his addiction to the normal state where he belonged.
2.2 Implementation of the plan
The first thing that the rehabilitation team must consider is to undertake an analysis of the problems of the concerned person. The declining health condition of the concerned person is the major cause why he opted for the rehabilitation, therefore the first objective of the rehabilitation team is to undertake steps in order to make sure that the health condition of the client is restored to its position as was before. In order to help the client in this connection, the rehabilitation team is required to formulate a team of the healthcare practitioners who have an expertise on the problem that is being faced by the person (Lehman & Dixon 2016). The medical team will look after the requirements of the person in regards to the health of the person and enumerate ways in order to make the person undertake certain activities and procedures, which will help him in eradicating the addiction he is into. Moreover, the team will help the person in restoring his health condition through the various medical checkups and assessments and thereby help the person in making a considerable recovery (Brorson et al. 2013). The team of experts monitors over the health conditions and make certain assumption and undertake a diagnosis to understand the requirements and formulate a diet chart and the like in order to inculcate and instill the healthy habits (Meyer 2012). Therefore, the medical team whose main objective is to take care of the healthcare of the patient and thereby help the patient in eradicating the discrepancies that the patient might face in the near future is addressing the major portion of the rehabilitation program.
The next step that the rehabilitation team must undertake in order to make sure that the client’s objective of getting rid of the addiction is to maintain a record of the health condition and thereby make arrangements for the formulation of the care giving team where the people appointed will look after the well-being of the client (Campbell 2012). The care giving team or the caretakers are appointed with the objective of making considerable improvements in the field of the healthcare facilities that is being provided to the clients.
The caretakers help in determining the service that is being reached out to the client in this connection of the state of rehabilitation. The integration of the medical and the caretaking teams helps in making the service that is being extended to the client effective and life-long, depending on the cooperation of the client, which is an important consideration that must be undertaken in accordance to this case. The major function of the caretaking team is to understand the correlation between the addiction and the normal state of the client and thereby cite a distinction (Bickel et al. 2012). The caretaking team also takes care of the daily activities of the client and monitors over the habits that the client had inculcated in all the past years. The team is responsible for the proper monitoring and the maintenance of the schedule that is being set by the medical experts for the client’s health benefits and quick recovery. Therefore, it is the caretaking team, which actually keeps an eye on the client so that the client does not doze off to his past preferences and addictions. A proper caretaking team is the major requirement, in this case, as the client is required to be monitored at times and intervals.
The involvement of the client is an important step that must not be excluded in the total process of rehabilitation. The complete rehabilitation practices cannot be undertaken without the active participation of the client in the process (Best & Lubman 2012). The client must be absorbed into the process in order to make the process effective and more affluent in its own terms. In other words, the participation of the concerned person is the basic requirement of the rehabilitation procedure. The client must be ready to take the rehabilitation, or else the rehabilitation procedure cannot be forced on individuals. In this case, the client opted for the rehabilitation procedure in order to improve his health conditions and eradicate his habits on the drugs.
2.3 Evaluation of the process and the outcome
The evaluation of the outcome of the process is an important step that helps in understanding the improvements made by the client during the process and the effectiveness of the rehabilitation program that is being undertaken for the betterment of the health conditions of the client (Bates, Buckman & Nguyen 2013). The most important criteria of undertaking this evaluation are to understand the improvements and to determine the eligibility of the client in going back to the normal state. It helps in judging the effectiveness of the program that is being undertaken and the benefits that the client has derived from the program (Harms 2013).
The evaluation process is being undertaken by a series of assessments that the client is required to deliver which will prove that he has no affinity for the drugs, which he was into earlier. The assessments will be based on the drug control and will be designed by the rehabilitation team in order to understand the effectiveness of their plan, which they formulated for the objective of eradicating the addiction of the client (Posadzki et al. 2014). The evaluation of the client’s progress is also noted by the team through a series of activities, like exposing the client to environments where his natural instincts will force him to take the drugs he was into (Witkiewitz, Lustyk & Bowen 2013). The exposure to the previous environments might instigate the client to undertake the addiction. However, it is the effectiveness of the actions that was taken by the rehabilitation team, in their due course of time, to undermine the effects of the addiction and to teach the person to have a control over his instincts through the exercises that are undertaken by the team (Babaie & Razeghi 2013). Therefore, the evaluation process helps in understanding the progress of the client in controlling his instincts based on the addiction he was into and thereby make him recover from his past state.
Conclusion
Therefore, from the above analysis it can be concluded that the actions that are taken by the rehabilitation team in order to make sure that the client is not into drugs anymore is undertaken effectively through the series of steps and a thorough planning that the team undertook in order to recover the client from his past addictions. The most important part of the actions taken by the rehabilitation team in partnership with the medical team and the caretaking team is to make a note of the client’s addiction and formulate activity plans and proper medications in order to stimulate his impulses and instincts. The plan that is being formulated by the team is based on the requirements of the client in regards to the health conditions he is facing.
The main aim of the rehabilitation team, in this context, is to recover the client from his habit of getting addicted to the drug and restore the normal lifestyle he was into before he got himself addicted. The rehabilitation team with the cooperation of the client is undertaking the processes. The planning and the implementation processes that are undertaken by the rehabilitation team is being justified by the evaluation procedure that is being undertaken by the team at the end of their term of the session with the client.
References
Babaie, E. & Razeghi, N., 2013. Comparing the effects of methadone maintenance treatment, therapeutic community, and residential rehabilitation on quality of life and mental health of drug addicts. Addiction & health, 5(1-2), p.16.
Bates, M.E., Buckman, J.F. & Nguyen, T.T., 2013. A role for cognitive rehabilitation in increasing the effectiveness of treatment for alcohol use disorders. Neuropsychology review, 23(1), pp.27-47.
Best, D.W. & Lubman, D.I., 2012. The recovery paradigm: A model of hope and change for alcohol and drug addiction. Australian family physician, 41(8), p.593.
Bickel, W.K., Jarmolowicz, D.P., Mueller, E.T., Koffarnus, M.N. & Gatchalian, K.M., 2012. Excessive discounting of delayed reinforcers as a trans-disease process contributing to addiction and other disease-related vulnerabilities: emerging evidence. Pharmacology & therapeutics, 134(3), pp.287-297.
Brorson, H.H., Arnevik, E.A., Rand-Hendriksen, K. & Duckert, F., 2013. Drop-out from addiction treatment: A systematic review of risk factors. Clinical Psychology Review, 33(8), pp.1010-1024.
Campbell, N.D., 2012. Medicalization and biomedicalization: Does the diseasing of addiction fit the frame?. In Critical perspectives on addiction (pp. 3-25). Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
Connors, G.J., DiClemente, C.C., Velasquez, M.M. & Donovan, D.M., 2013. Substance abuse treatment and the stages of change: Selecting and planning interventions. Guilford Press.
Everitt, B.J. & Robbins, T.W., 2016. Drug addiction: updating actions to habits to compulsions ten years on. Annual review of psychology, 67, pp.23-50.
Friedman, S.L., Klivington, K.A. and Peterson, R.W. eds., 2013. The brain, cognition, and education. Academic Press.
Gharebaghi, A. and Mostafavi, M.A., 2016. A NEW ONTOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE FOR INTEGRATION OF SOCIAL AND PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENTS: DISABILITY AND REHABILITATION CONTEXT. ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing & Spatial Information Sciences, 3(2).
Harms, E. ed., 2013. Drugs and youth: the challenge of today. Elsevier.
Lehman, A.F. & Dixon, L. eds., 2016. Double jeopardy: Chronic mental illness and substance use disorders. Routledge.
Meyer, R.E. ed., 2012. The heroin stimulus: Implications for a theory of addiction. Springer Science & Business Media.
Milivojevic, D., Milovanovic, S.D., Jovanovic, M., Svrakic, D.M., Svrakic, N.M., Svrakic, S.M. & Cloninger, C.R., 2012. Temperament and character modify risk of drug addiction and influence choice of drugs. The American journal on addictions, 21(5), pp.462-467.
Miller, W.R. & Heather, N. eds., 2013. Treating addictive behaviors: Processes of change (Vol. 13). Springer Science & Business Media.
Pishchulin, V.I., Rogacheva, L.I., Fokina, L.V., Fadeeva, O.M., Novikov, R.A. & Kolupaev, R.V., 2014. Drug addiction prevention: experience of high education institute. Life Science Journal, 11(12), p.566.
Posadzki, P., Choi, J., Lee, M.S. & Ernst, E., 2014. Yoga for addictions: a systematic review of randomised clinical trials. Focus on Alternative and Complementary Therapies, 19(1), pp.1-8.
Richardson, L., Wood, E., Montaner, J. & Kerr, T., 2012. Addiction treatment-related employment barriers: The impact of methadone maintenance. Journal of substance abuse treatment, 43(3), pp.276-284.
Shekarchizadeh, H., Khami, M.R., Mohebbi, S.Z. & Virtanen, J.I., 2013. Oral health behavior of drug addicts in withdrawal treatment. BMC oral health, 13(1), p.11.
Sobell, L.C., Sobell, M.B. & Ward, E. eds., 2013. Evaluating alcohol and drug abuse treatment effectiveness: Recent advances. Elsevier.
Sofuoglu, M., DeVito, E.E., Waters, A.J. & Carroll, K.M., 2013. Cognitive enhancement as a treatment for drug addictions. Neuropharmacology, 64, pp.452-463.
Stimmel, B., 2014. Alcoholism, drug addiction, and the road to recovery: Life on the edge. Routledge.
Tulving, E., 2014. Memory research: What kind of progress. Perspectives on Memory Research: Essays in Honor of Uppsala University’s 500thAnniversary. Hillsdale, NJ, pp.19-34.
Van Wormer, K. & Davis, D.R., 2016. Addiction treatment. Cengage Learning.
Vinogradova, M.V., Kryukova, E.M., Kulyamina, O.S., Vapnyarskaya, O.I. & Sokolova, A.P., 2014. Approaches to the study of the status and trends of drug abuse, rehabilitation and reintegration of drug users. Biosciences Biotechnology Research Asia, 11(3), pp.1505-1514.
White, A., 2013. Trials of acupuncture for drug dependence: a recommendation for hypotheses based on the literature. Acupuncture in Medicine, pp.acupmed-2012.
Wilczynski, N.L., Marks, S. and Haynes, R.B., 2007. Search strategies for identifying qualitative studies in CINAHL. Qualitative health research, 17(5), pp.705-710.
Witkiewitz, K., Lustyk, M.K.B. & Bowen, S., 2013. Retraining the addicted brain: A review of hypothesized neurobiological mechanisms of mindfulness-based relapse prevention. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 27(2), p.351.
