PREP1122 Applied English : Moderating Role of Ethical Orientation
Answer:
Cyberloafing is where employees use their access to the internet at their workplace to perform personal tasks not related to their jobs descriptions while pretending to carry out their work. The companies that employ cyberloafers experience a lot of losses due to reduced levels of productivity and efficiency caused by employees getting distracted by these personal activities instead of doing their work(Kim, del Carmen Triana, Chung, & Oh, 2016). Organizations have had to come up with different methods to counter the growing practice of cyberloafing by at times having to install software to monitor the activities of employees during working hours.(Alder, Schminke, Noel, and Kuenzi,2008).
It is now a known fact that cyberloafing has a lot of adverse effects on employee performance thus it is important for employers to understand the reasons why the employees engage in cyberloafing and thus they will be able to control the employee internet use better. These grounds for cyberslacking are in different categories they are individual, situational and organizational factors.
The individualfactors; habits and addiction to the internet, habit is wherethesequence of behaviorsdone by a person have become automatic and occur without provocation,deliberation or any cognition when specific environmental cues occur. Also when one is highly addicted to the internet, it will lead to them abusing the internet.
Attitudes and perception,whenworkers have a positive attitude towards computer use, they are more likely to use their work computers to perform personaltasks, and this leads to them having a positive attitude towards cyberloafing. Those who see that internet use have positive influence n their job performance are more likely to engage in cyberloafing.(Blanchard and Henle, 2008).
Human Resource Management has some key contemporary issues and theyinclude the following.Social norms are where people in office engage in cyberloafing because it has become a normal occurrence in the office space.(Rodell, Colquitt, & Baer, 2017) It is when they follow a trend in the office even though it is an illegal activity because it is done by everyone hence when this is the case the prevalence of cyberslacking will increase due to the fact individuals follow the mob mentality mostly.(Ugrin et al., 2008).
Demographic factors showthat individuals in power and those who are of a higher level of education are more likely to engage in cyberslacking to research on various subjects while those who are of a lower status participate in cyberloafing by playing online games.It shows that different groups of people participate in cyberslacking in some ways depending on their situation.women and men engage in cyberloafing in various frequency with men doing it more commonly than women.(Lim,2002, Weatherbee,2010).
Personal traitsare where one'sbehavior affects their activities. The conduct of those who use the internet usually reflects various psychological motives. Personal traits like self-esteem,shyness,loneliness,isolation and control issues may affect how people use the internet.Self-control or lack of it leadsto people engaging in adeviantbehavior because they cannot control their urges.(Ugrin et al., 2008). When an individual is shy, they prefer to keep to themselves and have a lot of free time and hence find comfort in cyberloafing activities since they do not interact with the other parties in person henceencouraging cyberslacking.(Chak and Leung, 2004).
The next category is the situational factors. The cyber deviant activities are usually engaged by individuals when they have access to the internet in the workplace; these are situational triggers because if they did not have access to the web during work hours, they would not get temptations to cyberdeviance.(Weatherbee, 2010). We observe that when supervisors are present in the workspace always it will reducetheoccurrence of cyberloafing because people will see this as the organizationwatchingthem, they fear to be on the wrong side of the authority by using the internet badly.(Lieberman et al., 2011).
Human Resource practices have strategic areas, and they have different contributions in creating employee values and their wellbeing, and it includes the final category which is the organizational factors.Firstly restriction from accessing the internet as they want by the office, it leads to a reduction in the prevalence of cyberloafing due to penalties present if one does.(Vitak et al., 2011).Secondly, when the managerial support is generalized, it will lead to more use of the internet for personal reasons because there are no restrictions or anyone to oversee the internet use.(Liberman et al., 2011).Employee attitudes to their jobs, when workers have positive attitudes towards their work they do not have the urge to use the internet badly and just do their jobs well (Henle & Blanchard, 2008). While those who are bored with their job find more reasons to engage in personal activities in the workplace to pass the time during work they are not motivated to do their jobs well.(Garrett and Danziger, 2008)Finally, what are the anticipated outcomes of engaging in cyberloafing, when people see that illegalinternet use will affect the organization negatively hence affecting them directly, they are less likely to partake(Blanchard and Henle 2008;Vitak et al., 2011:).
The different perspectives of Human Resource Management have several impacts on, and roles in Human Resource,some of them are the benefits of cyberloafing in the workplace include the following; there is relief from boredom. When a worker gets bored with a task at hand, they may do it just to complete it thus producing a poor quality of work. If they have a distraction from the job at hand by using the internet to do something fun, they come back refreshed and are ready to do their duties better (Vitak et al., 2011).They also get stress relief since when one engages in fun activities on the internet at work for a while, they get happy and alleviate their stress hence they become more productive workers positively affecting their job.(Beugre and Kim, 2006).
It leads to an increase in creativity; this is because when one accesses the internet forpersonalreasons, they at times get ideas to improve their jobs productivity from posts they read online hence improving the offices as a whole with their thoughts. It leads to people getting a greater satisfaction from their jobs when they get to engage n any activity they deem fit at work even ifusing it for personal means since there is no restriction by the office and managers (Stanton, 2002).
It provides a way to positively use time in the office when workers are free and not engaging in any work related activities. It is good since they cover their recreational time well instead of sitting idly which will lead to laziness and when people return to work from a session of cyberloafing they do so when they are fresh and ready to do a good job(Oravec, 2002).
The first adverse effect is that it leads to an increase of disciplinary actions taken by the managers towards the workers who engage in cyberloafing, this will give rise to a feeling ofhate or negative attitude towards authority when they have to punish the people who go against rules (Fichtner, & Strader, 2014),There is also is an increase in termination cases where a person has exceeded the number of times they get warnings against using the internet for personal reasons hence creating a need to fire employees(Lim & Teo, 2005). Another effect is that people who engage in such cyber deviance expose the company to breaches of corporate confidentiality and the loss of their reputation in the market when they expose their work to the scrutiny of the public without regulation.(Weatherbee, 2010).
Loss of a lot of money when there is a reductioninproductivity of the organization. It is because employees do not perform assigned tasks on time due to wasting time on the internet for personal reasons. It leads to personal and organizational liability through the things that are done and posted by the worker on the web while in the office as at time these things are illegal. It will lead to taking of legal action against the employee and the office since it was done on office property thus it will expose the organization.(Liberman et al., 2011).It leads to lack ofcybersecurity in the company system since when one access personal items in the office they may introduce viruses to the office system hence exposing the office to cyber attacks and theft of data by their competitors leading to massive losses. It can also slow down the office system considerably when people do work on the internet that is not office related hence affecting the speed and amount of work done by the other workers in general (Kelloway, Francis, Prosser & Cameron, 2010).
In conclusion, cyberloafing is caused by different reasons, and it is facing an increase as a trend in the workplace, and thus managers should recognize it and come up with ways to control it. Its has both negative and positive effects on the organization but mostly detrimental consequences to the structure.
References:
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Blanchard, Anita L. and Christine A. Henle (2008), “Correlates of Different Forms of
Cyberloafing: the Role of Norms and External Locus of control”, Computers in Human
Behaviour, Vol.24, pp.1067-1084.
Chak, Katherine, and Louis, Leung (2004), “Shyness and Locus of Control as Predictors
of Internet Addiction and Internet Use”, Cyberpsychology and Behaviour, Vol.7, No.5, pp.
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