Nurs2024 | Health Of Older Assessment Answers
Questions:
Answer the following questions:2. How do sleep changes in later years manifest themselves?
Answers:
1. Most of the older people start experiencing several alterations of their capability of sensory capacity such as taste, hearing, smell, vision, taste as well as peripheral sensations that are considered to be the normal part of aging. Vision impairment due to presbyopia is one important issue with vision that mainly involves elasticity loss in the lens of the eye. This causes decrease in the ability of the eyes for changing the shape of the lens for focusing on the near objects. Cataract, macular degeneration, glaucoma and many others also affect eyes (Correia et al., 2016). Presbycusis, conductive hearing loss as well as sensorineural hearing loss are also seen to affect the hearing capability of older people. Central auditory processing disorders, tinnitus as well as Meniere’s diseases are also the diseases that affect their hearing ability giving a hard time to the older people. Changes in taste sensation also take place mainly due to reduction in mainly the sensitivity for the different airborne chemical stimuli during the times of aging. Moreover, older people also suffer from changes in taste sensation as they have decreased ability to detect foods that taste sweet. Along with aging, peripheral sensation is also seen to decrease. Peripheral nerve function that helps in controlling the sense of touch is also seen to undergo decline with age. Moreover, vibratory sense as well as two-point discrimination is also seen to decrease as individual’s age (Chatterji et al., 2015). Changes in the brain are also observed that includes loss or shrinkage of nerve cells along with a general slowing of responses. Skin is seen to become thinner, drier, less elastic, wrinkled with visible blood vessels. Pockets of fat are also seen to appear.
2. Along with the different types of physical changes that are seen to occur in the older patients, alterations in sleep patterns also seen to occur. Sleep is seen to occur in multiple number of stages that include dreamless periods of light as well as deep sleep along with occasional number of periods of active dreaming called the REM sleep. This sleep cycle is again seen to be repeated several times during the night. It is seen that in the older patients, although the total time for sleep is mainly constant in the older patients, individuals are seen to spend a large amount of time in the lighter stages of sleep in comparison to deeper period of sleep. They are also seen to take a much larger time to fall asleep along with an overall decline of the REM sleep. An increase in sleep fragmentation is also seen to take place in the old adults with frequent waking up in the nights (Landry, Best & Liu-Ambrose, 2015). Many of the researchers are of the opinion that most of the contributors of the sleep disturbances among the older people are mainly attributed to physical as well as psychiatric illness and for the different types of medications that are used to treat them. Another important change also observed is the advanced sleep phase syndrome. Older people are seen to become sleepier in the early parts of the evenings and are seen to wake up in the early morning as compared to younger adults (Smagula et al., 2016). The rhythm of the sleep is shifted in forward direction and therefore 7 to 8 hours of sleep are still obtained. However, the older people are seen to wake up quite early as they are mainly seen to go to sleep early as well. Therefore, circadian rhythm that controls the timing of different body functions as well as sleep - is disrupted.
References:
Chatterji, S., Byles, J., Cutler, D., Seeman, T., & Verdes, E. (2015). Health, functioning, and disability in older adults—present status and future implications. The Lancet, 385(9967), 563-575.
Correia, C., Lopez, K. J., Wroblewski, K. E., Huisingh?Scheetz, M., Kern, D. W., Chen, R. C., ... & Pinto, J. M. (2016). Global sensory impairment in older adults in the United States. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 64(2), 306-313.
Landry, G. J., Best, J. R., & Liu-Ambrose, T. (2015). Measuring sleep quality in older adults: a comparison using subjective and objective methods. Frontiers in aging neuroscience, 7, 166.
Smagula, S. F., Stone, K. L., Fabio, A., & Cauley, J. A. (2016). Risk factors for sleep disturbances in older adults: evidence from prospective studies. Sleep medicine reviews, 25, 21-30.
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