N832 Tourism And Travel Management Assessment Answers
Deliverables: You are required to produce report detailing:
The report must include an executive summary; a section looking at disruptive technology and how it has revolutionised professional travel advice services; a section to review information systems; a section discussing the advantages/disadvantages of conducting business via the internet; a comprehensive conclusions and recommendations.
Answer:
Introduction:
Technology has led to several advancements and enhancements in a number of different sectors and industries. There are a number of industries that have seen some of the major transformations with the technological changes that have taken place. One of such industries is the travel & tourism industry. With the expansion of technology and the development of mobile and web applications, there has been a major shift that has been observed from the brick & mortar based business and the web based business in the present times. It can therefore be considered as disruptive in nature. The document throws light on such technological trends in the industry of travel & tourism and also covers the benefits and drawbacks that are associated with the same (Badamas, 2011).
Disruptive Technologies
Disruptive technology or disruptive innovation is the one that leads to the creation of new values in the market and replaces the old and existing values and trends from the market. Such innovations disrupt the existing system and are therefore referred as the disruptive technologies and innovations. The present day information systems that are being used in the travel & tourism industry are also one of the leading examples of the disruptive technologies. In the earlier times, the customers had to visit a travel & tourism office for activities such as booking of tickets, booking of hotels, discussing the itinerary, booking the transportation and likewise. However, with the advancement of technology, it is now possible to make use of information systems for such activities and the tasks that have been listed above can be completed in a virtual manner. There are also some of the latest additions in the list such as automated designing of the itinerary, reviews and comments from the other users, comparison of hotels and many more (Chang and Torkzadeh, 2013).
Information Systems used in Travel & Tourism Industry
Management Information Systems (MIS)
Management Information Systems are the Information Systems that are primarily used by the management in an organization for effective decision making along with the organization of the information. MIS are used in the travel and tourism industry as well. MIS allows the planning activity to be done easily (Main, 2001). There are a number of travel and tourism organizations that are present all across the globe. It becomes necessary for the management to devise the strategies for implementing in the organization for gaining a competitive edge in the market. MIS allows the managers to extract the information that is associated with the organization and understand the user preferences and patterns for the same for a better understanding and planning of the activities. There is a lot of data that is associated with these industries in terms of the user details, flight details, market details and many more. These information systems minimize the overloading of data and also manage the entire information as per the category of the information. There are regular changes and upgrades that are required to be done in the organizations including the ones from travel and tourism industry. These updates can also be easily understood with the help of MIS. Many departments function in the travel and tourism industry such as sales department, HR department, Marketing department and many more. MIS allows a convenient integration of these departments to process the information in an easier manner.
Decision Support Systems (DSS)
Decision Support Systems are the information systems that allow easy decision making and analysis activities to take place. These systems are also widely used in case of travel and tourism industry to ensure that all the decisions that are taken in the industry are effective and in accordance with the user choices and preferences. There are numerous advantages that these systems yield in these industries. Some of the major advantages of these systems include increase in the productivity along with the speed and understanding of the employees that work in the industry. The problem that is associated with complex tasks and functionalities is also reduced with timely handling of the disputes and conflicts and an efficiency decision making as a result. There is also a lot of time that is saved that may unnecessarily be allocated otherwise to the complex activities (Shinde, 2015).
Sales Management Systems
Travel & Tourism industry is made up of a number of sub-components or industries. There are several industries that are associated with it and therefore it is necessary to keep a track of each of the department and the sales that are associated with it. For instance, in case of brick and mortar based systems it was tedious to keep an account of the number of tickets sold for a particular hotel or the tickets booked for flights, trains, buses and likewise. With the aid of sales management information systems, it is now possible to keep an account of the sales that are associated with all the departments and all the activities as well. The user actions and the specific sales covered in a certain period of time can also be easily tracked with the help of these information systems (Liang et al., 2016).
Transaction Management Systems
Apart from sales data and activities, there are also several transactions that take place in the organization in terms of order that are placed, booking that are confirmed, cancelled or modified and likewise. Also, there are not just the passengers that make transactions through the applications of travel and tourism industry. There are several partners, vendors and likewise that also play a significant role in the same. Transaction management systems are the information systems that keep an automated account of all the transactions that take place to easily manage the entire set of activities (Presulli, 2016).
Change in Methods
With the expansion of technology and the development of mobile and web applications, there has been a major shift that has been observed from the brick & mortar based business and the web based business in the present times. In the earlier times, the customers had to visit a travel & tourism office for activities such as booking of tickets, booking of hotels, discussing the itinerary, booking the transportation and likewise (Peslak, 2012). However, with the advancement of technology, it is now possible to make use of information systems for such activities and the tasks that have been listed above can be completed in a virtual manner. There are also some of the latest additions in the list such as automated designing of the itinerary, reviews and comments from the other users, comparison of hotels and many more. There is a lot of data that is associated with these industries in terms of the user details, flight details, market details and many more. These information systems minimize the overloading of data and also manage the entire information as per the category of the information. In case of brick and mortar based systems it was tedious to keep an account of the number of tickets sold for a particular hotel or the tickets booked for flights, trains, buses and likewise (Mallery, 2011). With the aid of sales management information systems, it is now possible to keep an account of the sales that are associated with all the departments and all the activities as well. The user actions and the specific sales covered in a certain period of time can also be easily tracked with the help of these information systems.
Therefore, the technology has brought numerous significant changes in the practices that were followed in the information systems.
Entities that Benefit
There are several entities that benefit and have benefitted with the aid of the information systems in the travel and tourism industry. Some of these entities are as listed below.
The major benefits that are provided with the use of information systems in travel and tourism industry are to the end users. There are qualities such as availability of service, reliability of service, enhanced performance along with the ease of accessibility that are provided to the end users. Earlier, it was necessary for the users to stand in long queues for booking of tickets which can be done by just a click of a button in the present times. Also, advanced booking of the hotels or transport was not available earlier which can be done sitting at home. There are customized itineraries that are designed by the travel experts through the web applications and services and provided to the end users as per their schedule and preferences (Giannakos, Sampson and Kidzi?ski, 2016).
With the use of information technology and information systems in the travel and tourism industry, there are numerous benefits that have been provided to the business owners as well. It has allowed the business owners to experience increased profits and sales as compared to the brick and mortar based businesses. There were limited marketing options and difficulties in the management of information earlier that led to the issues associated with the quality of service. However, such issues are not present in the current times which had led to benefits for the business owners (Rozenes, 2011).
The employees working in the organizations have also benefitted from the use of information systems in the travel and tourism industry. Abilities such as easy management of information along with automated tools for decision making and related activities have led to increase in productivity and efficiency for the employees.
Benefits of Mobile Apps, Alerts and Mobility
There are various benefits of the use of mobile apps, mobile alerts and mobility in the travel and tourism department. There are mobile applications that have been developed by all such organizations for the end users.
- The availability and ease of accessibility are the two major benefits of the mobile apps. These apps allow the users to search, view and book tickets, and hotels and likewise from any location. Users are no longer restricted to the brick and mortar based building for their requirements and can perform their booking at any point of time (Gretzel et al., 2015).
- There are several alerts that are generated by the travel and tourism industries on the mobiles such as special offers, customized offers, discount offers and likewise. There are discounts provided as per the day or the festival which can be viewed and availed by the users to save their money.
- Information sharing is another advantage that comes with mobile apps. These applications allow the users to share information such as their flight details or hotel addresses and locations with the help of these apps. Also, these applications are linked with the popular social media accounts of the users which can be synced with the user account on the particular travel and tourism organization and the information can be shared with friends and family (Han, 2015).
- Location based services are also provided along with the mobile apps of travel and tourism industries. If a user visits a particular location and wishes to look for the nearby places to visit or the nearby places to shop or eat, then the mobile apps detect the user’s location and show the options desired by the user.
- At times, there are limited period offers that are provided by the service providers in terms of discounts or deals. In case of brick and mortar based system, the offer would end by the time the user visits the booking office and avail the same. However, in case of the automated and virtual systems, these offers can be easily availed by the users (Laslo and Gurevich, 2013).
Disadvantages of the Information Systems in Travel & Tourism Industry
In spite of the profits and the regular presence on the online platforms, there are certain disadvantages that are associated with these systems.
Security of the information is one of the major disadvantages that are associated with these industries. There is a lot of information that is associated with the travel and tourism industry such as personal details of the users, payment details of the users, travel itineraries, transport details, details of places to stay and many more. Most of these details are private and confidential in nature and are exposed to the unauthorized entities in case of security attacks (Law, 2002).
Some of the security attacks that commonly occur in the information systems of the travel and tourism industries are the breaching and leakage of information, loss of information, availability attacks, network attacks, integrity attacks and likewise. Some of the availability attacks that are commonly observed are the denial of service and the distributed denial of service attacks. Also, a lot of information is acquired by the hackers from the networks such as eavesdropping on the network, man in the middle attack, spoofing attacks and likewise. Another major attack that has been observed in this industry in terms of security is the phishing attacks. There are malevolent entities that trick the users by present them as travel group or travel company and acquire the money from the users. However, these entities are not real and take away all the money from the user which leads to a lot of damage and disadvantage for the users (Lai, 2015).
There are also malware and ransomware attacks that are executed on the applications and web sites that are developed for the travel and tourism industry.
Apart from the security attacks and security issues, there are several other issues that are also associated with the travel and tourism industry. One of the main disadvantage is in terms of fake information that is put up on the web applications and web sites to attract the users such as pictures of the hotels, details of the restaurant and likewise (Nadkarni, 2003).
Conclusion:
Technology has led to several advancements and enhancements in a number of different sectors and industries. There are a number of industries that have seen some of the major transformations with the technological changes that have taken place. One of such industries is the travel & tourism industry. Disruptive technology or disruptive innovation is the one that leads to the creation of new values in the market and replaces the old and existing values and trends from the market. Such innovations disrupt the existing system and are therefore referred as the disruptive technologies and innovations. The present day information systems that are being used in the travel & tourism industry are also one of the leading examples of the disruptive technologies. Some of the information systems that are used in the travel and tourism industry are management information systems, decision support systems, transaction processing systems, sales management systems and likewise. There are benefits that are provided to the end users, business owners and employees. However, there are certain disadvantages that are associated with these information systems and security issues top the list. These issues can be tackled with suitable measures and steps of action.
References:
Badamas, M. (2011). Information Technology Project Outcomes. International Journal of Information Technology Project Management, 2(4), pp.59-73.
Chang, J. and Torkzadeh, G. (2013). Perceived Required Skills and Abilities in Information Systems Project Management. International Journal of Information Technology Project Management, 4(1), pp.1-12.
Giannakos, M., Sampson, D. and KidziÅ„ski, Å. (2016). Introduction to smart learning analytics: foundations and developments in video-based learning. Smart Learning Environments, 3(1).
Gretzel, U., Sigala, M., Xiang, Z. and Koo, C. (2015). Smart tourism: foundations and developments. Electronic Markets, 25(3), pp.179-188.
Han, X. (2015). Analysis on E-Ticket Image Recognition Technology Based on Mobile QR Code. Electronics Science Technology and Application, 2, p.19.
Hartman, F. (2004). Development of the SMARTTM Project Planning framework*1. International Journal of Project Management, 22(6), pp.499-510.
Lai, I. (2015). Traveler Acceptance of an App-Based Mobile Tour Guide. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 39(3), pp.401-432.
Laslo, Z. and Gurevich, G. (2013). A Simulation-Based Decision Support System for Managing Information Technology Project Portfolios. International Journal of Information Technology Project Management, 4(2), pp.1-17.
Law, R. (2002). Internet and tourism †part vi: China travel net. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 7(2), pp.77-79.
Liang, S., Schuckert, M., Law, R. and Masiero, L. (2016). The relevance of mobile tourism and information technology: an analysis of recent trends and future research directions. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, pp.1-17.
Main, H. (2001). The Expansion of Technology in Small and Medium Hospitality Enterprises With a Focus on Net Technology. Information Technology & Tourism, 4(3), pp.167-174.
Mallery, M. (2011). Project Management Portal (PMP) from the University of Washington Information Technology Wiki - https://wiki.cac.washington.edu/display/pmportal/Project+Management+Portal. Technical Services Quarterly, 28(3), pp.365-367.
Nadkarni, S. (2003). Information Technology Competencies in Tourism Management Education. Information Technology & Tourism, 6(1), pp.47-54.
Peslak, A. (2012). Information Technology Project Management and Project Success. International Journal of Information Technology Project Management, 3(3), pp.31-44.
Presulli, M. (2016). A Conceptual Approach to Improve the Continuity and Integrity of Information in Project Management. International Journal of Information Technology Project Management, 7(3), pp.37-53.
Rozenes, S. (2011). The Impact of Project Management Methodologies on Project Performance. International Journal of Information Technology Project Management, 2(2), pp.64-73.
Shinde, S. (2015). Mobile based Anti-Phishing System using Secure QR Code. International Journal of Engineering Research and, V4(12).
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