MN603 | Wireless Networks | The Advantages Of The Horn Antenna

Answer:

1. Horn antenna

This kind of antenna is mainly used in flaring. This happens to be an advancement of efficiency of radiation through usage of a guide wave which contains an aperture that is long in order to form a cutoff that is unexpected in the slow transformation of the wave.

This antenna is applied in SHF and UHF ranges of frequencies. In order to improve the process of communication, the antenna increases directivity as well as reducing the criteria of diffraction. The horn antenna comprises of several types which include pyramidal, sectoral and conical horns. The following are some of the advantages and disadvantages of the horn antenna. (Eskelinen et al, 2014)

Advantages

• Contains great as well as high directivity at the time of beams transformation.
• During transformation, no standing waves are experienced.
• Waves matching and impedance are good.
• The formed beam contains a narrow width.
• Can be constructed easily
• Has a bandwidth of up to 10%
• Provides adequate directivity.

Disadvantages

• Large angles of flare are required.
• The directivity of the produced wave is determined by the angle of flare contained in the device at the time of transformation. (Rumsey, 2011)
• It is limited to 20dbm
• It does not provide sharp directivity .

Yagi antenna

This kind of antenna is the one that is mainly utilized due to its high performance rate, high gain and its directivity. To increase directivity and antenna functioning, a numerous number of directors are incorporated. To enhance reflection of energy towards the direction in which the transfer of the wave transferring to, reflectors are kept at the antenna’s end. The waves and the beam are directed to the angles that are desired by the directors. TV reception uses this mainly whereby a single frequency is needed. (Kaneda et al, 2012)

Advantages

• Less power is wasted during the time of signal transfer.
• Clear focusing is achieved since it enables the beam to attain high directivity.


Contains coverage of frequencies that is broad.
Management and maintenance of the antenna is easy as no difficulties are experienced.
High gain is achieved.
It filters out signal noise coming from many direction.
They have general good ranges

Disadvantages

• The antenna can be easily affected by aspects like the change of weather. For example, the rate at which the antenna can receive the frequency can be hindered by the rainfall.
• It is also prone to noise. (Waterhouse, 2012)

Cellular Antenna

This type of antenna is used together with the signal boosters like the repeaters and the amplifiers. One can connect them directly to the device’s adapter or the cellphone. They are radiations of low frequency and happen to be small in size. Materials that are die-electric are used in making them whereby the radiations are kept through a process referred to as photoetching. These kind of antennae are mainly applied in the applications of spacecraft, applications of the aircraft as well as other devices which contain antennas of low profile. The following are the advantages and disadvantages of the cellular antenna. (Basile, 2011)

Advantages

• They are portable since their weight is light.
• The process of installation is easy since they are low in cost and also cheap.
• Anybody can use them since they are easy and cheap to install.
• They can easily be upgraded.
• They can be used in areas where cabling cannot be implemented
• Devices with such with cellular antenna connect directly to the available network.

Disadvantages

• Radiations are inefficient.
• They encounter bandwidth of low frequency.
• They are affected by multipath signals.
• Their installation requires space and foundation towers which is more cumbersome and requires a lot of effort.
• They are affected by climatic conditions e.g rainfall and windy days.

2. Wireless technologies comprises of every kind of technology and devices which transmit or communicate to transfer information over the air without the use of wires. It is applied in communications that are cellular and also internetworking between adapters and computers which do not involve use of wires. This kind of technology includes the Bluetooth, LTE, Wi-Fi and WiMAX.

Wi-Fi wireless technology

Wireless fidelity depends on the family of IEEE 802 and it is a local area network basically utilized in broadband coverage of buildings. (Cordeiro et al, 2010)

Functioning

Wi-Fi networking is made possible by the presence of the radio signals. The signals are passed on from Wi-Fi receiving wires which are then gotten by recipients, for example, the cell phones and the PCs or any system empowered gadget that is furnished with Wi-Fi cards. At the point when a PC or a telephone gets a signal within the scope of the network of the Wi-Fi ordinary inside 300_500 feet the range of the antennae. The card of the Wi-Fi then reads the signal and then makes a connection inside the system and the gadget without the use of the line. Points of access that are primarily comprising of routers and antennae that are utilized as the two transmitters and receivers. All the more the antennae are utilized in the network of wide area while the routers are utilized in home systems.

Wi-Fi technology has the following advantages and disadvantages.

  Advantages

• It’s cheap since it does not involve the use of wires.
• It enables multi-connection of deices in the same network.
• It is possible to access it at any place where its range is reaches.

Disadvantages

• Due to their weakness in encryption, hackers can easily compromise them.
• They are low in speed when compared with the network that is wired.
• They can be easily interfered with since they rely on waves which are affected by change in factors of the environment.

Bluetooth technology

This technology is short range and it was created with the intention of replacing use of cables within a network that is small. This technology may also be referred to as a personal area network since it uses technology that is Ad hoc which comprises of a network that is small in coverage. (Bhagwat, 2011)

Functioning.

This technology uses the frequency of the radio in order to communicate between gadgets. It utilizes modulation of frequency which creates waves that are used in communication between gadgets.

Advantages

• Its rate of consumption of power is low.
• It can also penetrate walls.
• It can be utilized in the transfer of data and voice.

Disadvantages

• Can only cover a short distance.
• Contains a bandwidth that is very low when compared with the network of the Wi-Fi.

WiMAX

This technology offers access of the broadband to the enterprise customers as well as the residential customers in an economical manner. It functions like the network of the Wi-Fi except that its speed is quite high and also covers long distances and also allows a large number of people using it. (Nuaymi, 2013)

Advantages

• It covers a large number of users.
• Can be easily deployed by new users.
• Its speed is high, that is, up to  10mbs  within 10 Km.

Disadvantages

• Can easily be interrupted by weather conditions such as the rain.
• Can also be interrupted by other wireless devices or equipment.

Security Challenges in network equipment’s.

• Unauthorized Access

Anyone can connect to a wireless network which implies that it is possible for them to access other individual’s device. This can be dangerous since they may access information that is classified.

• Denial  of service attack

This occurs when an attacker blocks a network owner from accessing their network. (Sezer et al, 2013)

3. Software-defined wireless network.

This is a technology that enables wireless network to become more portable and dependable through separation of control and data plan tasks. It takes part in the deployment of mobile networks to virtualization of mobile networks for the flexible and elastic positioning of the mobile networks that are core that can also be referred to as control panels. SDN is comprised of three branches which include:

Infrastructure layer- it’s made up of switches of the SD which verifies the suitability of packets that arrive to the switch and then sends them to the corresponding switch for them to be processed.

Control layer- through a protocol that is open flow, this layer interconnects with the layer of the infrastructure.

Application layer- may be used in development of applications of the network.

Application of software-defined wireless network in wireless network

SDN develops high flexibility adaptability in networks that are mobile. Through this, the delay in the transfer of the signal is controlled in the network. It also enables the network to become managed easily in the panel of the control of tasks and the plan of the data.(Bernardos et al,2014)

Software-defined wireless network in LTE.

This networks are made in a manner that they can provide rates that are high of plan of data for the users. They need cost that is high and that is required for the management because they are meant to become more dependable and flexible. SDN plays a part in dealing with a numerous number of devices of the mobile which are reinforced by the network. It also deals with the mobility that is frequent of the large number of networks that are mobile inside the plan of the data (Rangisetti et al,2014).

The SoftCell

It comprises of operators of high level as well as the subscribers like the flows that are single in devices of the network for effective traffic control of flows inside the networks that are wireless.

The Procel

In this technology, some components of the network that are complex are switched with the procel for them to give importance to the switches of the SDN. The switches of the procel and the SDN switches are used in monitoring all the traffics of such a network. This reduces delay in signal transfer in a specific network. Functions of the procel in a network.

• Improves the rate of relaying signals.
• Increasing MN0s solution.

Software-defined wireless network in LTE-RAN

An eNBs enabled open Flow is used together with the controller of the SDN in order to develop a control algorithm that is optimal for interference maintenance, load balancing, power controlling and handover. Issues considered at the processing time.

• Identifies eNBs’s time that is critical.
• Provides a high performance environment of computing for dealing with data that is large.
• Handles small cells that are of large size in a network.

Software-defined wireless network in WISA

A mobile network of the SDN is designed by a software-defined wireless network that is enabled with networks that are converged. It also happens to be the proposed architecture of the WiSa for the SDN with RAN and EPC. The technology also is proposed with a number of data concepts and planes of control. A number of components are included which include the following: cNB (control plane of eNodeB), SNC (single network controller), plane of data of the GR (gateway routers) and the uNB (user plane of eNodeB). It has enhanced virtualization that is global of the networks.

Security with Software-defined wireless network

New plans of security have been developed through designing networks with SDN. They comprise of the following.

Plane of data. Switches may be used to create some attacks. This may be avoided by using verification and rules of flow in a network.

Application plane attacks and misuse of the code of the controller and application that is malicious. This can be handled by authentication and authorization before a user can manage to access a specific network.

Tolerance of fault in SDN. This issue hinders mobile network flow mainly created by the failure of the application and the controller.

References

Basile, P. C. (2011). U.S. Patent No. 6,298,243. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.

Bernardos, C. J., De La Oliva, A., Serrano, P., Banchs, A., Contreras, L. M., Jin, H., & Zúñiga, J.C. (2014). An architecture for software defined wireless networking. IEEE wireless communications,https://eprints.networks.imdea.org/1012/1/An_Architecture_for_Software_Defined_Wireless_Networking_2014_EN.pdf

Bhagwat, P. (2011). Bluetooth: technology for short-range wireless apps. IEEE Internet Computing, 5(3), 96-103.

Costanzo, S., Galluccio, L., Morabito, G., & Palazzo, S. (2012, October). Software defined wireless networks: Unbridling SDNs. In Software Defined Networking (EWSDN), 2012 European Workshop on (pp. 1-6). IEEE.

Cordeiro, C., Akhmetov, D., & Park, M. (2010, September). IEEE 802.11 ad: Introduction and performance evaluation of the first multi-Gbps WiFi technology. In Proceedings of the 2010 ACM international workshop on mmWave communications: from circuits to networks (pp. 3-8). ACM.

Eskelinen, H., Tuunanen, M., Suoranta, R., & Silventoinen, P. (2014). DFM (A)-aspects for a horn antenna design. Research report/Lappeenranta University of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering.

Kaneda, N., Deal, W. R., Qian, Y., Waterhouse, R., & Itoh, T. (2012). A broadband planar quasi-Yagi antenna. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 50(8), 1158-1160.

Nuaymi, L. (2013). WiMAX: technology for broadband wireless access. John Wiley & Sons.

Rangisetti, A. K., & Tamma, B. R. (2017). Software Defined Wireless Networks: A Survey of Issues and Solutions. Wireless Personal Communications, 97(4), 6019-6053. doi:  10.1007/s11277-01 https://nskeylab.xjtu.edu.cn/people/pzhang/files/2016/09/sigcomm16-li.pdf

Rumsey, V. (2011). Horn antennas with uniform power patterns around their axes. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 14(5), 656-658.

Scott-Hayward, S., O'Callaghan, G., & Sezer, S. (2013, November). SDN security: A survey. In Future Networks and Services (SDN4FNS), 2013 IEEE SDN For (pp. 1-7). IEEE.

Sezer, S., Scott-Hayward, S., Chouhan, P. K., Fraser, B., Lake, D., Finnegan, J., & Rao, N.(2013). Are we ready for SDN? Implementation challenges for software-defined networks. IEEE Communications Magazine, 51(7), 36-43.

Waterhouse, R. (Ed.). (2012). Printed antennas for wireless communications (Vol. 19). John Wiley & Sons.