MN503-Overview of Internetworking Technology

 The first network between the computers (4 nodes) by ARPANET and data transmitted between them using “Packet Switching” technique in the year 1969.  In the year 1974 the number of nodes were increased 14 nodes as well as the standard protocol TCP is developed. The next stages of development are listed below,

Table 1: Chronological Development of internetwork technology

Comparison of OSI and TCP/IP model

 With the standardization of different models, it becomes obvious to select one of the models for better performance of the network following table consist of comparison between the TCP and OSI model.

Table 2: Comparison of TCP/IP and OSI model.

(Source: Priya and Z 2017)

Human-centric design approach (past)

In order to develop and design the network components by involving the human perspective the protocols are designed with layer architecture. For both TCP/IP and OSI model contains multiple layers (namely application, presentation and session layer.)

Figure 1: Layers of OSI Model

(Source: Qi and Li 2016)

Brief discussion of the present-day technology of computer network

In internetworking routing plays a vital role in communication through the data transmission from source to destination. The communication takes place in the network layer of OSI reference model.  This data packet routing is separated into two different techniques Static routing and Dynamic Routing [5].

In case of static routing, the data is routing is controlled manually and in case of the dynamic routing protocol the routers share information with each other in order to set a routing path or topology for the data packets.

Some of the dynamic routing protocols are RIP, OSPF, EIGRP, BGP. This protocols are discussed below,

Routing Information Protocol (RIP):   Routing Information Protocol separate vector routing protocol is utilized for data/information transmission in the computer network. In case of RIP, the extreme number of Hops for delivering the data packet is set to 15, since it keeps preventing loops from source to destination of the data. Component like route poisoning Split horizon, holdown and are utilized in order to prevent the wrong routing data [1].

EIGRP: EIGRP is the abbreviation of Enhanced Interior Gateway Protocol which enables routers to share data to the neighbouring router devices which are inside a similar network. Rather than sending the whole data to the router in the neighbour inside the network, the data which is required are shared which decreases the workload for data transmission [3]. Enhanced Interior Gateway Protocol) developed by CISCO which can be utilized just in CISCO devices. In 2013, it became open source, so that it may be utilized in different other routers.

OSPF: OSPF stands for Open Shortest Path First which utilizes link state routing technique. Utilizing the connection state data which is accessible in router, it develops the topology in which the topology decides the routing table for routing path choices [4]. It underpins both the classless inter-domain routing addressing and variable-length subnet masking models. Since it utilizes Dijkstra's shortest path also, it computes the shortest path for routing for the data packets.

BGP: Border Gateway Protocol or the BGP is the routing protocol that determines the way data packets will be routed through out the internet through the exchange of reachability and routing information between routers of different network perimeters. Border Gateway Protocol directs data packets among the autonomous systems and networks administered by different service provider or enterprises. In case of BGP it includes routing information includes of the complete route toward the destination [2].  This protocol uses the routing information in order to maintain a database of network reachability. Each BGP exchanges this database information with other BGP system to manage the data transmission.

Table 3:  Difference between the different protocols

(Source: Wood et al. 2015)

Internet speed comparison past, present and future

Figure 2: Evolution of internet speed

(source: Raghavendra, Mohanapriya and Brindha 2017)

 With the present rate of growth in the internet speed it is expected that in the year 2020, the available internet speed will be 1Gbps.

Future computer networks

With the growth in the internet and networking technology the it is predicted that, the Ipv4 will be obsolete and Ipv6 will take over.  Along with that for the in order to have internetworks the data planes and control are decoupled.   In addition to that, network state and intelligence are logically centralized to have better transparency [6]. Furthermore, the fundamental network infrastructure is abstracted from the applications so that those components can be protected from the network breach attacks. As a result, the future networks will be able to gain the advantage of unprecedented programmability, network control, automation. With all this benefits the networks will be highly flexible as well as scalable.

Future computer networking technologies

Some of the emerging and promising network technologies are, Intelligent network, SDN and IoT.

Intelligent networks:  It is a standard network architecture that is intended for mobile as well as fixed networks. For this networks it can be stated that, network is the controller of application creation as well as operation.

SDN: SDN or the Software defined network can be defined as a flexible and dynamic network architecture. This network architecture protects existing infrastructure while providing the future-proofing the concerned network with automation and programmability.  Use of the SDN provides migration of control which is previously compactly bound in every individual device [4]. In this way accessible computing devices allows the fundamental network infrastructure to be abstracted for applications and services while treating the network as a virtual or logical entity.

IoT: With the use of the newer technologies it will be easy to have granular network control. In addition to that it will provide the ability to apply wide-ranging policies at the different levels such as user, session, application and device levels.

Figure 3: SDN architecture

(source:  Wood et al. 2015)

Conclusion

With the advancement in the networking technology, in future there will be increased network reliability as well as security due to the automated and centralized management of different networking devices. In addition to that administrators will be easily able to uniform policy enforcement along with the lesser number of configuration errors. 

References

T. Wood, K. Ramakrishnan, J. Hwang, G. Liu and W. Zhang, "Toward a software-based network: integrating software defined networking and network function virtualization", IEEE Network, vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 36-41, 2015.

H. Qi and K. Li, Software Defined Networking Applications in Distributed Datacenters. 2016.[

"A Survey Architecture Interface and Security Issues in Software Defined Networking", International Journal of Recent Trends in Engineering and Research, pp. 1-8, 2018.

J. Pandey, "Finding the Routing Table by Dynamic Processing Method in Distance Vector Routing", International Journal Of Engineering And Computer Science, 2017.

A. Raghavendra, T. Mohanapriya and T. Brindha, "Reliable and Intelligent Automated Networking Framework for Internet Networking", International Journal Of Engineering And Computer Science, 2017.

J. Priya, S. a and Z. b, "CHALLENGING ISSUES IN OSI AND TCP/IP MODEL.", International Journal of Advanced Research, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 422-426, 2017