MITS5003 Wireless Networks And Communication: Types of Antenna

s antenna for example, driven, director, and reflector. Driven is used to drive radio frequency wave and director provide a direction where all data signal produced. The reflector is the main part of this antenna because it obtains reflected radio wave from the receiver and reduces the problem of distortion loss.  

Figure: Yagi-Uda antenna

(Sourcere: Aghtar, Stru?mpfer, Olbrich, Schulten, & Kleinekatho?fer, 2014)

Merits	Demerits
Low weight	Reduce gain
A wide range of bandwidth	Bandwidth can reduce if more directors are used
Increase directivity	Low efficient
Low cost	Limited bandwidth
Easy to built

 

Horn Antenna

This is one of the oldest antennas which were developed in the year 1897Jagadishdish Chandra and the latest advanced horn antenna was launched in the year 1938 by Wilmer Barrow. The main application of this antenna is in TV, and for satellite communication and it can increase the gain of radio wave signals (Ai, Guan, Rupp, Kurner, Cheng, Yin, & Ding, 2015). The shape of this antenna is like a horn and flared part can be square, cylindrical or rectangular. This type of antenna may be used for wired technology or in coaxial cables and it can be used for transmission of TV signals. The main objective of horn shape is to produce large number of radio signals at a time. Horn dish is the very popular setup of this antenna and many users uses this property for TV communication.  

Figure: Horn antenna

(Source: Ai, Guan, Rupp, Kurner, Cheng, Yin, & Ding, 2015)

Merits	Demerits
Simple in construction	Very costly
High directivity	Reduce flexibility
Produce high gain	Produce distortion losses
Narrow bandwidth
Standing waves are avoided

 

Cellular antenna

According to their, name it is also called as cell phone antenna because it was developed for the mobile communication. It reduced the problem of distance and also improthe ved overall performance of wireless communication (Ai, Guan, Rupp, Kurner, Cheng, Yin, & Ding, 2015). At this time many users uses cell phone antenna for long distance communication and it is observed that in future people will adopt wireless networks rather than wired. In cellular antenna both transmitter and receiver devices can be used for long distance communication (Ai, Guan, Rupp, Kurner, Cheng, Yin, & Ding, 2015).

Figure: cellular antenna

(Source: Ai, Guan, Rupp, Kurner, Cheng, Yin, & Ding, 2015)

Merits	Demerits
Increased number of users	complex
Increased range	More expansive
More secure	Very large in size
Reduce interference	Very costly to design
Increased bandwidth

Hence, in this modern technology people want to transfer data or information for long distance, therefore, they can adopt cellular antenna because it increases the performance of networks. Through this antenna they can share data over long distance and also reduces the problem of distortion.

B. Wireless network protocol

The wireless network is a platform where any people can send and receive their data and they can communicate with computer devices. The main property of wireless network is that it can be used for long distance communication (Fang, Cho, Zhang, & Perez, 2016). In which data can be transmitted without using any electric wires and completely based on wireless technology. There are main three types of wireless network protocols available for example, Wi-Fi, Zigbee, and WiMAX.

WiMAX

It is defined as worldwide interoperability for microwave access which is a wireless protocol dedicated to the IEEE 802.16 standards. It can support mobile, fixed wireless, and monadic application and people uses this type of protocol for location tracking (Borgström, Huang, Johansson, Raabjerg, Victor, Pohjola, & Parrow, 2015). It is observed that this network can provide around 10 megabits per second speed to send any data from one location to another. There are many countries which are using this protocol and Intel, Google and Comcast for communication purpose (Fang, Cho, Zhang, & Perez, 2016).

Figure: Wimax

(Source: Fang, Cho, Zhang, & Perez, 2016)

Advantages	Disadvantages
Increased data speed	It required line of sight communication
Can be used for long distance	Power consuming protocol
WiMAXimax base station can handle hundreds of customers	More costly system

Wi-Fi

Wi-Fi is a wireless fidelity which is a type of WLAN and it is a part of 802.11 IEEE libraries. This wireless protocol was developed by Wi-Fi alliance organization that produces many local area networks and devices (Fang, Cho, Zhang, & Perez, 2016).  Through which people can share their personal files and it provide an internet connection which is called as hotspot. Hotspot is a process by which people can share their internet to other peripheral device using Wi-Fi (Fang, Cho, Zhang, & Perez, 2016).

Merits	Demerits
Convenience	Not secure
mobility	Low-frequency range
High productivity	Low reliability
Low cost	Slow in speed
Very flexible

 

Bluetooth

It is a part of telecommunication communities that provide a platform where any person can share their information from one location to another (Fang, Cho, Zhang, & Perez, 2016). The main property of this network is that people can interconnect two or more peripheral devices at a time. Many mobile organizations developed this technology in smart phones to increase communication system and the main drawback of this is that it cannot be used for long distance communication (Fang, Cho, Zhang, & Perez, 2016).  

Advantages	Disadvantages
More reliable	Cannot be used for long distance
Increased data sp	low-frequencyency ran
Low-costcost process

 

Security threat and challenges faced in WSN

• Radio wave transfers in the free space by which information can be simply hacked
• The wireless devices can be broken down at any point
• information can be lost at any point
• The receiver does not obtain correct data due to many sounds and losses
• Reduce the speed of radio frequency signals (Fang, Cho, Zhang, & Perez, 201

C. A critical review of journal papers

Article 1 (Software Defined Wireless Networks: A Survey of Issues and Solutions)

This journal paper was written by Kumar Rangisetti and Bheemarjuma Reddy and it was published in the year 2017. According to this paper, wireless networks are facing various types of threats and challenges in which inflexibility and security both a are common problem. We are using many wireless systems but the main point is that we reduce the security of our data. Therefore one new process was developed which is called SDN system through which we can avoid the problem of security and inflexibilities (Nasir, Zhou, Durrani, & Kennedy, 2015). In this paper we are explaining the role of software-defined networking in communication system and the concept of virtualization. Both SDN and NFV both process improved scalability, flexibility and network services. We can adopt this technology because it provides an algorithm process through which we can secure our personal data files. In this paper we observed the role of SDN and NFV in the development of flexibility and scalability of wireless networks (Polo, Hornero, Duijneveld, García, & Casas, 2015).

Article 2 (Architecture for Software Defined Wireless Networking)

According to this paper, SDN is a process which can be used for controlling and data planes and by this technology we can run many infrastructure system and we can increase the efficiency of wireless networks (Braun, & Menth, 2014). In this paper we are explaining the software defined networking and their architecture. We adopt an SDN model for wireless networks through which we can avoid the problem of security and can increase the flexibility of mobile systems (Hakiri, Gokhale, Berthou, Schmidt, & Gayraud, 2014). SDN is a technique which was developed to reduce problems and challenges faced in wireless networks. In this paper we described SDN approach for mobile system and also discussed potential strengths and weakness of wireless networks (Bernardos, De Serrano, Banchs, Contreras, Jin, & Zúñiga, 2014).

References

Aghtar, M., Stru?mpfer, J., Olbrich, C., Schulten, K., & Kleinekatho?fer, U. (2014). Different types of vibrations interacting with electronic excitations in phycoerythrin 545 and Fenna–Matthews–Olson antenna systems. The journal of physical chemistry letters, 5(18), 3131-3137.

Ai, B., Guan, K., Rupp, M., Kurner, T., Cheng, X., Yin, X. F., & Ding, J. W. (2015). Future railway services-oriented mobile communications network. IEEE Communications Magazine, 53(10), 78-85.

Bernardos, C. J., De La Oliva, A., Serrano, P., Banchs, A., Contreras, L. M., Jin, H., & Zúñiga, J. C. (2014). An architectursoftware-definedefined wireless networking. IEEE wireless communications, 21(3), 52-61.

Borgström, J., Huang, S., Johansson, M., Raabjerg, P., Victor, B., Pohjola, J. Å., & Parrow, J. (2015). Broadcast psi-calculi with an application to wireless protocols. Software & Systems Modeling, 14(1), 201-216.

Braun, W., & Menth, M. (2014). Software-defined networking using OpenFlow: Protocols, applic, tions and architectural design choices. Future Internet, 6(2), 302-336.

Fang, Y., Cho, Y. K., Zhang, S., & Perez, E. (2The case. Case study of BIcloud-enablednabled real-time RFID indoor localization for construction management applications. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 142(7), 05016003.

Hakiri, A., Gokhale, A., Berthou, P., Schmidt, D. C., & Gayraud, T. (2014). Software-defined networking: Challenges and research opportunities for future internet. Computer Networks, 75, 453-471.

Li, M. Y., Ban, Y. L., Xu, Z. Q., Wu, G., Kang, K., & Yu, Z. F. (2016). Eight-port orthogonally dual-polarized antenna array for 5G smartphone applications. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 64(9), 3820-3830.

Nasir, A. A., Zhou, X., Durrani, S., & Kennedy, R. A. (2015). Wireless-powered relays in cooperative communications: Time-switching relaying protocols and throughput analysis. IEEE Transactions on Communications, 63(5), 1607-1622.

Polo, J., Hornero, G., Duijneveld, C., García, A., & Casas, O. (2015). Design of a low-cost Wireless Sensor Network with UAV mobile node for agricultural applications. Computers and electronics in agriculture, 119, 1Source