Kmgt672 Research Methods Encyclopedia Of Assessment Answers
Finally, ‘multiple-source secondary data’ can be used as a combination of documentary and survey secondary data. The most frequently used by students and researchers are secondary data from (i) well-established institutions.
Bank, Eurostat, OECD, NBER), or (ii) company information located in databases such as Amadeus which provides financial data for more than 18 million public companies in Europe.
There two important things to be considered when undertaking research using secondary data:
- How easily you can get access to the data. It is very common in the early stagesof research to be unaware of data availability which means that you need tolocate the type of data required and how to access the appropriate source.
- How you can evaluate the validity and reliability of the data, as you might collectdata that will not provide you with the right information for the research questions you seek to answer.
Interviewer-completed questionnaires are completed by the interviewer (researcher in our case) and are very common when you are conducting structured face-to-faceinterviews or telephone survey questionnaires. These practices are widely used inmarketing research. For example, you may wish to measure consumer perceptions towards a new ecological product and you plan to interview customers in large supermarkets using a structured questionnaire.
Collecting data for statistical analysis
Data for statistical analysis can be used to produce a range of statistics varying fromtables, charts and simple descriptive statistics to inferential, more sophisticatedstatistics such as group comparisons, correlations, linear regressions or even morecomplex statistical models (Saunders, Lewis & Thornhill, 2012, p. 473). Whatever the choice made for the collection of data (primary or secondary), there are somecentralissues that should be carefully considered when aiming at statistical analysis of the data collected. The most important are introduced below.
Descriptive statistics’ are numbers that describe specific properties of a sample of numerical observations/information/data collected using a primary or secondary data collection process. The purpose of conducting and presenting descriptive statistics is to reveal the fundamental characteristics of our sample of data. In comparison, employing inferential statistical analysis aims at the generalisation of findings: You can draw conclusions about the properties of the (unobservable) population our sample comes from. (This will be explored further in Week
Measures of central tendency
- Mean: the arithmetic average of a set of data in a particular sample (can be usedonly with ratio and interval variables).
- Median: the middle value of a set of data in a particular sample, assuming that values are arranged in size order.
- Mode: the most frequently occurring value in a particular sample. It can be usedas a measure of central tendency for all types of variables. Note that it is thevalue where the histogram reaches its peak.
Measure of dispersion
- Range: is a simple measure of dispersion and is defined as the difference between the maximum value and the minimum value in a frequency distribution.
- Variance: is defined as the mean of the squared errors (from the mean). Thestandard deviation (square root of variance) is mainly used as a measure of dispersion, however this applies to ratio or interval variables only.
Answer:
Introduction
The researcher had conducted primary research for evaluating the given research topic. The study mainly deals with evaluating the research design that is adopted by researcher at the time of conducting the research (Taylor, Bogdan and DeVault 2015). In this, the researcher had given the major emphasis on getting an insight of information on implementing lean management techniques by Sheikh Khalifa Medical City that is based in United Arab Emirates. Both the research design such as quantitative and qualitative are explained with proper justification as to which method suits the best in the current research study.
Methods of data collection and analysis
The primary research had been conducted based on mono research design that include qualitative research design in the given research topic (Brinkmann 2014).
Quantitative research design takes into account examining the relationships, describing and investigating cause and effect relationships. It is not possible for the researcher to conduct quantitative research method in this given research as it need surveying people, distributing questionnaire for getting access to quantitative data (Smith 2015). It is not possible to distribute questionnaire to the people who are present in public hospitals as they have no valid idea about lean management principles used there and finally the implementation part. The researcher actually rejects use of quantitative research method as asking questions to the people who work at public hospitals will serve no purpose and hamper the outcome of the results.
Qualitative research design is a systematic subjective approach that actually explains the life experiences as well as provide with a valid connotation. In this study, the researcher had gathered qualitative data by interviewing 4 managers of Sheikh Khalifa Medical City. The researcher had interviewed these managers, as they were able to answer questions relating to lean management techniques because Sheikh Khalifa Medical City already implemented the technique in their operational activities. By conducting the interview method, descriptive data was collected that actually allow the readers for understanding the implementation of lean management techniques for improving the healthcare operations in the United Arab Emirates (Mackey and Gass 2015).
Strengths and weakness of the research design
Researcher has to select one of the data collection methods that is most suitable and aligns with the research topic. This actually helps the researcher to continue with the research further and in this case, the qualitative research design had been conducted to gain insights of information from the mangers who manages the operations at Sheikh Khalifa Medical City (Glesne 2015). Asking questions to the managers of Sheikh Khalifa Medical City actually help in getting accurate and valid information as they have the necessary facts that links with implementation of lean management techniques.
The disadvantage in the selected research design can only be possible when the mangers are bias in providing valid opinion to the questions asked. It is possible sometimes that managers shows no interest in revealing any information about their hospital and try to hide facts that need to be told to the researcher (Flick 2015). As the researcher is an outsider, the manager of Sheikh Khalifa Medical City may feel that there is no need to reveal all the data to researcher and this where there can be discrepancy in the outcome of the data.
Sampling Methodology
Population (Qualitative)
Four managers of Sheikh Khalifa Medical City was interviewed (either face-to-face or telephonic interview). Other secondary information is collected from reputed journal databases, academic books and authentic websites that are recent and valid.
Sampling Technique
Non-probability sampling or convenient sampling had used to select the four mangers of Sheikh Khalifa Medical City.
Sample size (Qualitative)
Four managers of Sheikh Khalifa Medical City had been interviewed. No specific rules are present to determine an appropriate sample size in qualitative research.
Data Collection Technique
Face-to-face or telephonic interview had been used for interviewing four managers of Sheikh Khalifa Medical City.
Data Analysis
Researcher had used thematic data analysis approach for evaluating qualitative data.
Ethical considerations
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Ethical guidelines |
Clarification |
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Validity and reliable data |
The researcher should use valid and reliable data for this current research study at the time of interviewing the managers of Sheikh Khalifa Medical City. Any invalid data will adversely hamper the outcome results. |
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Informed consent and rights of refusal |
Before conducting the interview session with the manager of Sheikh Khalifa Medical City, proper consent should be taken from them. Without their consent, the researcher cannot start with the research and force them at any point. The person who is interviewed has the right to refusal. |
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Confidentiality and Anonymity |
The researcher should maintain confidentiality of information that they have received from the manager of Sheikh Khalifa Medical City. Any information given by the manager should be destroyed after the research is finished and they should not leak any information to third party. |
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Safety of participants |
The researcher had to make sure that the question asked to the manager should not harm the sentiments and emotions of the mangers at any point of time. |
Conclusion
At the end of the study, the researcher had concluded that qualitative research design had suited the best method as with that they can use interview method for getting information from the managers of Sheikh Khalifa Medical City. The reason behind selecting the qualitative research design is that these managers will have clear idea on the concept of lean management techniques that are already implemented by Sheikh Khalifa Medical City.
Reference List
Brinkmann, S., 2014. Interview. In Encyclopedia of Critical Psychology (pp. 1008-1010). Springer New York.
Flick, U., 2015. Introducing research methodology: A beginner's guide to doing a research project. Sage.
Glesne, C., 2015. Becoming qualitative researchers: An introduction. Pearson.
Mackey, A. and Gass, S.M., 2015. Second language research: Methodology and design. Routledge.
Smith, J.A.., 2015. Qualitative psychology: A practical guide to research methods. Sage.
Taylor, S.J., Bogdan, R. and DeVault, M., 2015. Introduction to qualitative research methods: A guidebook and resource. John Wiley & Sons.
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