K90012 Construction Project Management For Assessment Answers

Introduction

Faster advancement of system of transport that improve entire social and economy can also be a drawback for a given nation in terms of disparity conditions produced in information and progress of diverse industrial and business locations. As a result of advanced sustainable transport networks, locals are able to get in position to be capable to expand industrially because local society has chance to procure vital goods from different economically urbanized nations. Founded on idea of sustainable progress of community, transports have huge significance for stable development of social as well as economic of any developing nation around the globe. According to Betts (2015, p. 46), sustainable transport infrastructure has been the essential sector of economic and social progress. Different countries have built their transport infrastructure over the period covering over a century and because these transport arteries served well-defined social as well as economic purposes, advanced systems can be integrated into the old with efficiency and produce immediate savings of costs. In developing nations such as Nigeria, on the other side, the old network of transport upon which advanced ones are built still serve the obsolete financial purposes of the long gone colonial times (Daniel 2014, p. 27). The overall focus of this project on role of sustainable transportation in Nigeria’s social-economic development viewed in particular through rail transport while looking at the continued gap. Therefore, primary focus of this research paperwork is to address literature review of role of sustainable transport in socio-economic development country while using Nigeria as an example for investigating the continued gap in the topic.

Role of Sustainable Transportation in Social-Economic Development in Nigeria

In the advancement and diversification of trade amid different nations globally, global freight transport has essential function. Sustainable transport, by implicit role, is the essential section of material making that shape different segments of Nigerian financial system. In Nigeria, sustainable transport is the premise in attaining economic as well as social cooperation agreements, in order to bring in global circuit regions around the world through creation of a system of distribution that open needs of potential beneficiaries (Akinbami and Momodu 2012, p. 163). Sustainable transportation in Nigeria over the past decade has lead to continuous fall in expenditures of transport. The decline on such costs has, in turn, stimulated the growth together with economic development. Just like in developing nations, sustainable transportation policies through rail in Nigeria has boost sustainable along with broad growth emerges to be large. Therefore, sustainable transportation especially rail transport in Nigeria can be very broad as well as transformative in nature leading or associating structural changes (Fischer and Amekudzi 2011, p. 41). While in past years, sustainable transportation focuses on physical capital, but recent years has seen the balance in sustainable rail transportation in Nigeria to improve stability by running human financial assets. Irrespective of comparative significance of substantial against capital of human, progress cannot happen exclusive of both interacting as infrastructures of rail transportation fail to stay efficient without appropriate operations and preservation. Besides, development of financial activities cannot occur exclusive of infrastructure foundation.

Major function of sustainable transportation is to offer admission amid spatially alienated localities for sectors of business along with family for both movements of people along with commodities. For business segment, this process comprises of connections amid productions and their sources of input, among businesses along with some operations of businesses, and amongst businesses together with their marketplaces (Makarova, Khabibullin, Belyaev, Belyaev, and Mavrin 2013, p. 109). For household segment in Nigeria, sustainable transportation offers individual with admission to places of work together with education amenities, communal recreations, shops, society, as well as health facilities. Moreover, sustainable transport in Nigeria may be termed as the essential segment of economy in its right. It is clear from different reports of researchers that sustainable transport infrastructure provision together with operations of transportation together account for about five percent if Nigeria Gross Domestic Product (GDP) (Olaifa 2012, p. 93). Given importance of this segment in financial terms, both stage of venture in transport and total expenditure on actions of transport can have broader influences on Nigerian market.

In Nigeria, sustainable transportation system in rail is largely funded, in sense that majorities of charges of system investments, actions, along with preservation of railway lines are either paid specifically by clients or are subsidized at first by specialists and recouped from transport rail clients. There are cases of exceptions to this hypothetical approach in the region (Yahaya and Bakare 2018, p. 113). One of the essential being the fractional subsidizing of nearby rails together with neighborhood open transport benefit through neighborhood or local rates. Therefore sustainable system of transport in Nigeria and its application also has the role of giving rise to some external costs. These costs include global environmental influence such as emission of greenhouse gas and local environment as well as health influences (Okon 2015, p. 299). Though some mechanism of these externality charges is always well gain from administration costs on customers and workers of sustainable transport, it is unclear that every charge of externality are covered in such manner. The straight impacts of sustainable transportation ventures are to decrease transport costs together with occasion through reduction of travel period, lessening charges of operating of transport along with enhancing admission to different targets within transport system such as rails. Besides, sustainable transportation in Nigeria is essential in mitigating any financial disbenefits for instance where developments reduce jam or danger of damage (Ovie Ejumudo 2011, p. 35). These incremental payback or roles of sustainable transportation in social and economic development in Nigeria may be calculated through standard analysis of benefits of cost in operations.

Improvement of transportation systems such as railway line usage in Nigeria commonly concentrates on reducing the generalized charges of travel both in terms of duration spend and money used during travels. Such reduction of costs is essential in improving the efficiency of the business sectors leading to reduction of cost of goods along with supporting expansion of the country’s economy (Thornburg 2017, p. 24). Sustainable transportation also facilitates access to various individuals to opportunities for employment, social facilities such as learning institutions and social together with recreational facilities. Primary role of sustainable transportation is to offer admission amongst spatially alienated locations for movement of different individuals as well as goods leading to advancements in social and economic relations (Adekeye 2014, p. 113). However, at aggregate level, sustainable transportation in most countries like Nigeria, it decreases costs in several financial sectors. The impact of sustainable transportation is not just planned and can have unexpected or accidental consequences in operations.

Development of trade

In the development as well as diversification of trade between different regions within Nigeria, local freight transport has the essential role. The transportation system in Nigeria by assuming purpose is the integral section of material production that shapes other different sectors of the world economy, mostly universal trade (Makarova, Shubenkova, and Gabsalikhova 2017, p. 131). Sustainable transport activities are the premise in attaining financial cooperation agreements with major purpose of bringing in global circuit regions around the world through creation of a distribution system opened to needs of potential beneficiaries. In the present period, Nigeria communities’ interrelations are based on economic resorts, regional trade, by sustainable transport activity which is one of the major elements of globalization (Njoku 2013, p. 481). With the transition to the open economy, sustainable transportation system of rail in Nigeria has a similar trend that aims at supporting international trade. Some of the factor within sustainable transportation that boost economic exchanges between Nigerian markets include the even distribution of goods in the markets and formation of appropriate structural changes on how the country conducts its business operations and movement of goods and services from one place to the next.

Key driver of sustainable urban development

About fifty to eighty percent of all wealth produced in Nigeria originates from different cities that draw millions of persons annually in look for different chances. There exist over a billion persons residing in urban regions and in 2050 that number might increase. However, lack of adequate preparation has been expensive for persons, Nigerian authorities, while continent of Africa as a whole (Tomanek 2017, p. 97). Therefore, sustainable transportation infrastructure guides and decides spatial arrangement of Nigerian cities. Integrating development of rail transport in Nigerian as well as use of land planning can accommodate progress of the region without expanding urban areas. However, due to the fact that it is impracticable to set down universal measures for sustainable mobility, every town center requires recognizing its exclusive framework when making an effort to move international finest exercises (Baro and Endouware 2013, p. 251). The suitable strategy remains to be avoid-shift-develop structure that stabilizes sanctions together with gifts and develop accomplishment in short period while concentrating on longer prospects. Some measures that result from sustainable transportation can reduce instances of emission of greenhouse gas.

The sustainable transportation in the region also improves safety of road while increasing efficiency of system of transport. Other sustainable actions within transport sector can incentives individuals to swap from use of vehicles to more sustainable approaches. Some of these sustainable ways that can help in improving development of urban regions include walking cycling, together with use of public transport as a way to reduce instances of pollution and reduce congestion and jams in roads (Deakin 2011, p. 378). Additionally, most sustainable initiative of transportation system in Nigeria are those that aim at lasting period and avoiding shifting of persons while it too satisfies the fundamental wants of the Nigerian society. Such needs comprise of transit-oriented development, individual-oriented models of urban planning along with integration of transport together with planning of urban. Although there is still no better definition for sustainable transportation in Nigeria, what is clear is that to attain sustainable transportation in the region needs understanding of the influence of transportation on its society, economy, as well as environment. Sustainable transportation in urban development is important as it improves mobility in the region. It improves mobility particularly for cars as it might not succeed to sufficiently deem more influences (Betts 2015, p. 46). The actual purpose for sustainable transport in Nigeria is admission to places of employment, centers of education, goods as well as services, peers and relatives. However, there are established procedures that are essential to improving admission while concurrently decreasing impacts on economy and communal operations, and supervising traffic jamming in different roads within Nigeria. Nigerian environs that are productively improving sustainability of their set of connections of rail transport are performing so as for segment of broader plan of developing livelier, livable, cities that are sustainable around Nigeria. Therefore, sustainable transportation in Nigeria is the major component of the wider sector of transport as well as communication networks (Morse and MCnamara 2012, p. 167). These networks of communications improved by the sustainable transportation consist of telephonic along with Internet-based communications that in some cases offer the alternative to physical transport. In other instances in the region, these communication sectors improved by sustainable transportation in rail sector are complementary to services of transport.

The chief role of sustainable transportation in railway sector in Nigeria is to offer access amid spatially separated locations. It offers such access to improve movement of individuals and goods during operations. Sustainable transportation helps in reducing the generalized charges of travel within the region (Lu and Liu 2018, p. 835). The instances of reducing charges help in improving the efficiency of the business sector leading to decrease in charges on goods while supporting development of the economy and social well-being of people around the Nigerian communities. Sustainable transportation accounts for the significant part of the expenditures of both businesses along with household in Nigeria. The sustainable transportation in Nigeria increases economy of the country by providing employment opportunities to several persons. The sector of sustainable transportation in the region employs over seventy thousand persons and accounts for some five percent of Nigeria GDP (Odoemene 2011, p. 1974). Therefore, sustainable transport accounts for approximately fourteen percent of the total expenditures of Nigeria households. Sustainable transport also accounts for the widely varying proportion of total charges across various sectors of business in Nigeria.

Role of sustainable transportation on economic development of Nigeria

Sustainable transport can be seen to have obvious roles in economic progress both directly and indirectly. For instance, direct impacts include through investment in transport infrastructure, vehicles, together with logistic systems, increasing physical capital that helps in improving economy of the country (Russo and Comi 2011, p. 148). The indirect impact incorporates affect that progressively effective transport can have by actuating more noteworthy effectiveness in the way that different areas use their sources of info. One of the primary recorded jobs of economical transportation in Nigeria has been to make conceivable and to lessen the charges of long-removed exchange thus make advertises progressively incorporated. Such job is maybe the angles that make foundation of transport exceptional, it may be achieved through preferable systems of transport rather over close to home plans of transport. Within the sight of defective rivalry in the vehicle utilizing division in Nigeria, it may likewise prompt basic monetary impacts that are not caught in convectional charge-advantage investigation (Bubou 2011, p. 39). In this manner, feasible transportation and Nigerian economy are frequently said to have the two-way connections. These include changes in the supply of transport that may influence the dimension of action of back and then again, the dimension of monetary movement that can influence the interest for railroad transport in Nigeria. Therefore, sustainable transportation affects economic advancement by linking markets and individuals. The process makes the region that is linked together to be more competitive and it also promotes economic development of individuals (Gudmundsson, Ericsson, Tight, Figueroa, and Evanth, 2012, p. 183). The sustainable transportation through rail in Nigeria offers the individual with access to basic economic services such as banking services, improved trade regulations, and best financial exchange rates among other factors. Therefore, there is a need for transportation sector to be safe so as to ensure that individual and regional economy is not a danger.

Meeting the needs of economic advancements

Sustainable transportation in Nigeria focuses on meeting requirements of the present monetary headways without containing the capacity of future ages to achieve their own money related necessities. Consequently, manageable transportation has been normative economic objective for Nigerian authorities, individuals, and international organizations (Mbah and Nzeadibe 2017, p. 212). Sustainable transportation offers access, connects individuals and business and is therefore vital for financial sustainability. Additionally, sustainable transportation enhances economic development by improving management of demand, management of operations, improving the policies of pricing of different goods and services, improving vehicle technology, integrating use of land, and improving transportation planning. Sustainable transportation in railway sector within Nigeria has been the essential factor in improving economic of operations due to the pressure it places on the management of transport sector and connections with other departments that deal with economy of the region (Nwagbara 2011, p. 152). Therefore, through advancement in transportation, economic sector of this region has been improving continuously in the recent days and this trend is forecast to continue. The continuation has been term to be making the strategy for sustainable transportation in the region to be the priority at national, local, and other global levels on how to improve economic developments.

Improving mobility

Sustainable transportation in Nigerian and economic advancement appear in the aggregated to be correlated, and assertions that improved mobility leads to growth in the economy of the country is common. Such causality remains to be vital but thought to prove. From the theoretical perspective of different researchers, there are four relationships that are possible that shows how sustainable transportation remains to be significant to economic development (van der Maesen 2013, p. 97). For instance, changes in transport operations cause changes in advancement in economy meaning that development in the interest for movement depends entirely on progress of economy. In historical perspectives, sustainable transportation has been termed as the principal factors of economic advancement. The idea has been particularly the case for developing nations such as Nigeria where the progress from the divided arrangement of transport to even the ineffectively created system is of extraordinary significance. However, absence of a sustainable system of transport acts as the severe constraint n growth of economics of a region (Morse and MCnamara 2012, p. 171). Additionally, once sustainable transport system of a country like Nigeria is better settled, accentuation is centered more around gradual upgrades in the arrangement of transport when required by changes in monetary requests or when made conceivable by advancements in technologies. The role played by sustainable transportation into economy development of Nigeria is now becoming progressively mind-boggling and the quality of the different associations turns out to be less obvious. 

Sustainable transportation in Nigeria forms the contemporary trends that have underlined that economic advancement in the region to be less subject to relations with the assets and increasingly reliant on relations crosswise over space. While sustainable transportation remains as the foundation of economic activities, the commoditization of economic development of Nigeria has been linked with hinder dimensions of streams of materials of various kinds (Li, Yang, Shi, and Li 2017, p. 7). Assets, capital, and even responsibilities have established propelling dimensions of versatility in the locale. Such thoughts have been similar to the explicit case for worldwide organizations that can profit by improvement of transport sector in different ways such as commodity market and labor market. In commodity market, sustainable transportation plays a key role in ensuring that the market improves in proficiency with which distinctive companies approach crude materials and parts to their focused on clients in the market. Therefore, in such cases, sustainable transportation performs the key role of expanding opportunities that are significant in acquiring and selling the variety of commodities vital for industrial together with systems of manufacturing (Deakin 2011, p. 380). Additionally, labor market as an aspect of sustainable transport plays the role of improving the access to labor as well as reduction in access charges. The reduction in access costs is mainly through improvement of commuting or the use of lower labor charges.

Offers market accessibility

Sustainable transportation has a key role in boosting economic progress of Nigeria. It offers market accessibility by linking different producers and consumers of products and services so that transactions can happen in different regions. A common fallacy in assessing the significant together with influence of transportation on economy is to concentrate on costs of sustainable railway transportation (Adekeye 2014, p. 110). The need for such concentration on cost of transport is vital because such costs will, in general, be moderately low in the range of five to ten percent of good and service valuation.  The idea suggests that independent of the charges, the action can't happen without factor of transportation. Therefore, relatively small changes in cost of transport, capacity along with performance can posse substantial influence on dependent activities of economy of Nigeria. Besides, sustainable transportation system with modern infrastructure favors several changes in economy, most of them positive for economic advancement (Fischer and Amekudzi 2011, p. 43). However, major roves of transport can be categorized on different classes. These classes consist of geographical specialization that leads to large-scale production, increased competition, and increased value of land in the region.

Geographical specialization

Sustainable transportation in Nigeria favors procedure of geological specialization that enhances profitability and spatial associations. Therefore, through sustainable transportation in the region, an economy substance will, in general, deliver a few products and administrations with the most fitting blend of work, capital, together with crude materials (Iakovou, Vlachos, Achillas, and Anastasiadis 2014, p. 7). Nigeria through maintainable transportation will, in general, have practical experience in the creation of different administrations alongside products for which it represents the best merits compared with various locales as long as effective transport is available for exchange.

Enhancing scale of production

Sustainable transportation in Nigeria leads to large scale of production in different regions around the country. In most cases, efficient and sustainable transportation in Nigeria offer cost, time, together with dependability favorable circumstances empowers merchandise and enterprises to be transported over longer separations (Maksin, Nenkovi?-Rizni?, Miliji?, and Risti? 2017, p. 283).  The process helps in facilitating broad-scale production through various scales of finance in light of detail that massive Nigerian marketplaces can be accessed easily. The idea of lack of progress alongside conveyance with merits, for example, disposes dimensions of stock and enhanced reactions to affecting states of Nigerian markets (Lu and Liu 2018, p. 834). The increased in scale production through sustainable railway transportation in example help in lowering the costs of different units in the markets.

Increases competition and land value

When transportation system in a region is efficient, the prospect marketplace for the specific point or administration growths thus does the increase in enmity in the same market. A wider array of services together with goods becomes readily accessible to shoppers through rivalry that will in general decrease charges and advance innovation along with quality (Russo and Comi 2011, p.150). However, cases of globalization have unmistakably been connected with the focused setting that traverses the Nigerian people group and empowers clients to approach the more extensive scope of products alongside administrations. Additionally, arrive that is constantly contiguous or attuned by huge administrations of transport by posses more noteworthy reason because of service that it holds to a few activities. In some instances, activities of transportation such as rail in Nigeria can lower value of land, especially for residential activities (Okon 2015, p. 315). For instance, land situated near railway stations, near highways, near noise, along with pollution sources, tend to be impacted by corresponding diminishing value of land in Nigeria. Moreover, sustainable transportation in Nigeria likewise adds to monetary improvement through making of occupation and its inferred exercises of economies in the region. Accordingly, the massive numbers of direct and indirect employment are linked to transport (Akinbami and Momodu 2012, p. 164). Producers together with consumers take the decision of economic on product, marketplaces, chares, prices, location, that are themselves dependent on administrations of transport, their accessibility, charges, limit, and reliability.

Role of sustainable transportation on social development of Nigeria

Sustainable transportation has a social task that cannot be neglected in business and regional advancement sector. The social advancement through sustainable transportation in Nigeria is sketched out by various transport exercises job in the public arena and that is firmly connected to ecological tasks since transport is the potential contamination of nature with suggestions for human. The roles of sustainable transportations on social development can be indirect and direct (Fagbohunka 2015, p. 257). The direct impacts relate to the availability of marketplaces in which case transportation through rail offers connections to large market outlets as well as saving duration together with money. The indirect role of sustainable transportation on social development is related to social multiplier effect when the prices. The fact that sustainable transportation makes the connection between international markets indicates the vulnerability to random shocks suffered by the social operations of Nigerian region (Nwagbara 2011, p. 156). The relation that exists amid sustainable transportation of rail system in Nigeria and social advancements is not the immediate one, but instead identified with its effect on structures and procedures of generation, estimate together with area of big business, structure alongside procedures of dispersion, and different attributes of creation of association. For sectors of businesses, sustainable transportation has the role of providing or improving access to various localities for business operations and interactions of individuals. The social interactions through transportation systems improve the movement of freight and persons from one location in Nigeria to another (Gilderbloom, Grooms, Mog, and Meares 2016, p. 182). For this reason, sustainable transportation in Nigeria improves social interaction and communication between people in the region. The improved communication processes between people create an essential room for sharing of ideas on how to conduct trade and other business operations within the region.

Sustainable transport enhances transportation as well as technology development evolvement in order to meet requirements of mobility of society. Social dimensions that are improved by such transportation systems remain to be essential concern for sustainable rural along with urban mobility in Nigeria (Li, Yang, Shi, and Li 2017, p. 5). Therefore, sustainable transportation through railway networks has always stayed to be the key aspect in terms of advancement together with urban frame. Since any task can be available by open transportation, such thoughts make the dynamic association and encourage the introduction of any action through the span of an entire day. Thanks to sustainable transportation in Nigerian community, over ninety percent of family units are ensured the transportation choice that is not exactly the five-minute stroll from their places of residing. Additionally, sustainable transportation in Nigeria allows users to access all basic services. Some of these services that they are able to access include health care centers and learning institutions (Fagbohunka 2015, p. 257). The people are also able to utilize distinctive open travels to co-operating with relaxation purposes as it covers more than eighty-five percent of activity paths in areas where these tasks are advertised. Besides, sustainable transportation offer equal chance in terms of accessibility needs for every individual as the type of transportation permits the enhancement of value and reasonableness between individuals inside the network.

Provides universal accessibility plan

Sustainable transportation has the role of ensuring that there is universal accessibility plan for different social aspects. Sustainable transportation offers the best platform for people such as handicapped persons to exercise their rights with the view to accomplish social, school, together with joining of place of work. The minister of transport in the region has the mandate to improve the program of railway development or development of any transport system to be in line with the social requirements of the people within a given region in Nigeria (Gilderbloom, Grooms, Mog, and Meares2016, p. 1002). Such plans might consider the rate of substitution of hardware and the idea of the administration being advertised. Critical wholes are as yet being put resources into request to enhance the general availability of open transport in the region. Moreover, sustainable transportation improves social development by offering affordable means of transport that satisfy the basic wants of people on daily mobility wants. It is clear that the Nigerian open everywhere is looked with exceptionally essential costs that relate to mobility (Maksin, Nenkovi?-Rizni?, Miliji?, and Risti? 2017, p. 284). Sustainable transportation contributes to the wellbeing of people in the region. It remains to be day by day wellspring of physical movement as consistently, clients of open transport make a large number of strides. Additionally, maintainable transportation through public means of transport has the role of improving public health and quality of life among citizens (Amoo and Fagbenle 2014, p. 749). Such improvements do arise because noise nuisances, as well as levels of stress, tend to improve with the improved air quality that the use of sustainable transportation provides to the society.

Improving development of social amenities

Sustainable transportation has led to increase in development of different social amenities such as hospitals, schools, churches, social halls, and game reserves. Proper transport network in the region has improved establishment of different social places as they are easily accessible by different persons. The use of railways allows people in Nigeria to incur little charges when they are moving from one point to other as compared to other people that use air transport in the same region (van der Maesen 2013, p. 97). Reduction in transport cost has seen Nigerian authority focusing on the idea of improving the advancements of social amenities so that they can accommodate large number of persons at every given time. The improved transport network through sustainable approaches has to lead to an expansion of new cars on the roads. The cars have provided the ease mobility of hundreds of individuals at a considerate cost. Through sustainable transportation, the number of greenhouse gas emission together with car crashes as continued to decrease in the region (Iakovou, Vlachos, Achillas, and Anastasiadis 2014, p. 4). Several rural areas in the country are also connected to the transport system as a way of improving their social wellbeing in the country. Besides, sustainable transportation has increased the process of building new schools in rural settings that allow every child to have access to quality and basic education without any discrimination in the region. The wider distribution of social amenities such as health care centers has helped in improving the lives of people in the entire country (Chindo 2015, p. 13). However, individuals in the region are able to access vital information without incurring huge charges on moving from one region to another in their daily operations. Therefore, sustainable transportation in Nigeria forms an essential aspect in improving social development by improving social wellbeing of persons in the area.

Conclusion

From the above discussion of literature work on roles of sustainable transportation in social-economic development with relation to railway transport in Nigeria, it is evident that sustainable transport is the primary factor that improves advancements of economy and social aspect of the region. Principal function of economical transportation is to give or enhance access to various areas for organizations and people that will later lead to development in social and economic aspects. Sustainable transportation in Nigeria contributes to social as well as economic development through different aspects that consist of creation of job and communication along with their derived economic and social activities. It is clear that pursuit of sustainable economic and social transport and mobility presents the challenge in Nigeria. Actions are required to limit the environmental together with other charges of traffic movements.

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