Itech7410 Software Engineering Methodologies Answers Assessment Answers
The PoM currently has four container terminals in Melbourne but the system must be written to seamlessly handle at least twice that number.
Each terminal has a unique name and storage capacity (in number of containers and tonnes) that must be stored in the proposed system.
The system must maintain the current tonnage and current number of containers in the container terminal.
When the container terminal is full no further deliveries of containers can be made to that container terminal and no unloading of containers from ships can occur before some are loaded onto a ship for shipping to their destination or some are picked up by trucks and taken away from the terminal.
Only five trucks can deliver into a particular container terminal at any one time and only five trucks can pick up containers from the container terminal at any one time. During busy times each container terminal maintains two queues of trucks - waiting to deliver and waiting to pick up.
Trucks wanting to deliver should only be entered into the waiting queue when there is sufficient room in the container terminal for all the container(s) that the truck holds i.e. the system needs to know that the current storage plus all the loads currently in the queue will not exceed the container terminal’s capacity tonnage or number of containers capacity.
Learning Outcomes Assessed
The following course learning outcomes are assessed by completing this assessment:
S1. Critically analyse and use complex decision making to research and determine the appropriate Software Engineering tools and methodologies to utilize in a given situation
S2. Apply professional communication skills to support and manage the engineering of a large software system
S3 Review, critically analyse and develop artefacts to define processes for quality assurance, risk management and communication in large software development projects
S4 Implement quality assurance activities in order to verify user requirements and validate design decisions
A1 Analysis of a large system development problem to decide upon the best methodological approach
A2 Development of appropriate artefacts to support and manage the software engineering process such as change control and configuration management
Answer:
Introduction:
The Z schemas used in this article are based on the abstract z schema conventions. The Z-Notation is the mathematical notation based software specification language that models the systems. The Z is not a software programming language that can be compiled. The Z is based on the mathematical notations named first-order predicate logic, lambda calculus, and axiomatic set theory. The state space, is a collection of abstract data type states, is a non-empty state.
Every operation of container control system consist of input and output variables. There are relationship between input and output variables. In the proposed container control system Z, the abstract data type state set is defined by a schema named as data type itself.
The proposed non empty space named state space is consists of various operations that are executed in terminal container control system. Each of the operation is based on the processing of input variables and resulting in output variables. The relation among the input variables and output variables in an operation makes the Z more relevant to software specification language. The whole article is only based on the operations carried out in the terminal container control system in which the collection of abstract data type has been defined using the data type name itself. Some of the operations has changed the state and some does not. The operations that are described by the Z-schema in this article are addTerminal, acceptDelivery, findCompanyAccount and more.
Z-Schema of Container Control System:
Initialization:
initContainer
id: ? containerIdentificationNumber
containerIdentificationNumber: ID ? containerIdentificationNumber
known = domcontainername
initContainer
ΞTERMINAL
Known = ∅
intTerminal
name: ? nameOfTerminal
nameOfTerminal: NAME ? NAMEOFTERMINAL
storingCapacityOfContainer: ?
known = domterminalnamea
intQue
queIdentification: ?
existingVehicle: ?
queIdentification≤2
intDeivery
vehicleIdentificationNumber: ?
quantityOfVehicle: ?
frieghtCompanyName: frieghtCompanyName
currentLoad: ?
wieghtAmount: ?
quantity: ?
quantityOfVehicle ≤ 5
storingCapacityOfContainer ≥ wieghtAmount*quantity
currentLoadAtDelivery≤ storingCapacityOfContainer′
intPickup
vehicleIdentificationNumber: ?
vehicleIdentificationNumber: vehicleIdentificationNumber ? Delivery
wieghtAmount: ?
quantity: ?
known = domvehicleIdentificationNumber
The initialization is a very important part of the Z schema description. The variables to be used in the whole operation are introduced in the initialization process. The initialization is not an operation. The characteristics, value range, data type of the variables are stated. The state of the Z-schema is also declared in the initialization phase. As the abstract state does not get involved from the initialization phase, the change of state names can be seen later. The terminal name is unique and is used for defining all the values of a terminal differently. The capacity of the terminal is initialized. If there is no current information for a specific state then it should be stated during the initialization phase also. All the operations in the article have been extended using the data refinement.
Operation 1:
addTerminal
Δterminal1
nameOfTerminal?: NAME
storingCapacityOfContainer?: storingCapacityOfContainer
wieghtAmount?: WIEGHTAMOUNT
quantity?: QUANTITY
∀i: 1…hwm. nameOfTerminal? ≠ nameOfTerminals(i)
hwm′ = hwm+1
nameOfTerminals′ = nameOfTerminals⊕{hwm′ ? nameOfTerminal?}
storingCapacityOfContainers′ = storingCapacityOfContainers′{hwm′ ? storingCapacityOfContainer?}
The addTerminal operation change the state of terminal state. As mentioned at the time of initialization, the terminal data set is empty. This operation is used for entering the data in the terminal data set. The data refinement in the terminal state has been obtained by alternating the state from the abstract state set. The operation enters the name, capacity and other details into relevant variables for adding a new row in the data set. This implies that the state change will happen in this Z-schema description. The quantity and wightAmount is the limit up to which a driver can deliver or unload goods to or from the container. As the terminal name will act as the unique identifier, the nameOfTerminals(i) has been used. The serial number of terminals will be natural number therefore, ∀i: 1…hwm. nameOfTerminal? has been used.
Operation 2:
addDelivery
ΔDelivery1
ΔQue1
vehicleIdentificationNumber: vehicleIdentificationNumber
quantityOfVehicle: quantityOfVehicle
currentLoad: currentLoad
wieghtAmount: wieghtAmount
quantity: quantity
queidentification: QueIdentification
∀i: 1…hwm? vehicleIdentificationNumber ≠ vehicleIdentificationNumber(i)
hwm′ = hwm+1
vehicleIdentificationNumber = known
currentLoadAtDelivery= wieghtAmount*quantity
quantityOfVehicle ≤4
⇒(vehicleIdentificationNumber′= vehicleIdentificationNumber⊕{hwm′ ? vehicleIdentificationNumber?})
quantityOfVehicle = 5
⇒(existingVehicle′= existingVehicle +1)
vehicleIdentificationNumber = vehicleIdentificationNumber⊕{queIdentification′ ? vehicleIdentificationNumber?}
Delivery operation is the key operation of terminal container control system. The delivery projects the idea of normal delivery operations like something will carry some things to a destination. As every system has unique features, the container control system also has some conditions and limitations for its own delivery operation. As the operation will add new data to the delivery and que state, z-schema describes the alteration of state through this operation. The operation has a que state that plays a very important part in maintain the delivery operation. If the number of trucks currently delivering goods to a terminal container is more than 4 then next assignment truck is added to a que until at least a single truck stops delivering. There will be total two ques for each terminal. The whole delivery process is recorded based on the vehicle identifier and terminal details. The quantityOfVehicle ≤4 states that if the delivering vehicle number is four or less than four then only the new truck will be assigned to delivery, otherwise it will be added to que, existingVehicle′= existingVehicle +1) vehicleIdentificationNumber = vehicleIdentificationNumber⊕{queIdentification′ ? vehicleIdentificationNumber?
Operation 3:
addPickup
Δpickup1
Δdelivery1
vehicleIdentificationNumber: vehicleIdentificationNumber
frieghtCompanyName: frieghtCompanyName
wieghtAmount: wieghtAmount
quantity: quantity
currentCapacity: CURRENTCAPACITY
∀i: 1…hwm? vehicleIdentificationNumber ≠ vehicleIdentificationNumber(i)
hwm′ = hwm+1
currentLoadAtDelivery= wieghtAmount*quantity
currentCapacity ≥ currentLoad
quantityOfVehicle ≤4
⇒(vehicleIdentificationNumber′= vehicleIdentificationNumber⊕{hwm′ ? vehicleIdentificationNumber?})
quantityOfVehicle = 5
⇒(existingVehicle′= existingVehicle +1)
vehicleIdentificationNumber = vehicleIdentificationNumber⊕{queIdentification′ ? vehicleIdentificationNumber?}
The pickup is the integral process of delivery. The trucks will pickup goods that will be delivered the terminal mentioned in the delivery operation. Each goods is delivered by a specific freight company and the state will store that information. The abstract state data type for this state implies that the pickup state will be changing the state. The pickup operation is initiated when a vehicle is not in a que. The system will need to store how much load a vehicle is delivering to the terminal. The current load must be lesser than the current free storage of the terminal.
Operation 4:
addLeaveQueIdentification
Δque1
waitingTime?: ?
preferedTime?: ?
waitingTime≥ preferedTime
⇒ (existingVehicle′= existingVehicle -1
vehicleIdentificationNumber = vehicleIdentificationNumber⊕{queIdentification′ ? vehicleIdentificationNumber?})
Error: ′The driver left the que′
The drivers are allowed to leave the que if they do not want to want to wait until the time of delivery. The system store the information of the vehicle which is leaving the que. As each driver will have his individual truck, the system will only store the vehicle information. The abstract state data type illustrates that the state of que will change after this operation. This Z-schema describes that it does not affect delivery operation at all.
Operation 5:
unloadShip
Δdelivery1
ΔTerminal1
wieghtAmount?: X
quantity?: Y
unloadAmount?: unloadAmount
unloadAmount = wieghtAmount*quantity
unloadAmount ≥ storingCapacityOfContainer
⇒ Error: ′not available′
unloadAmount ≤ storingCapacityOfContainer
⇒((vehicleIdentificationNumber′= vehicleIdentificationNumber⊕{hwm′ ? vehicleIdentificationNumber?})
The abstract state of Ship describes that terminal and delivery both the state will change after this operation. This operation is also a delivery, but it illustrates delivering goods from ship terminal container to a specific location. The operation will store the vehicle information which are assisting in the unload process. The condition in this z-schema is that the container must have some goods to be delivered. If the container is empty, the system will generate error report and unload operation will stop.
Operation 6:
findTerminal
Ξterminal
name?: NAME
date1: date1
date2: date2
frieghtCompanyName: frieghtCompanyName
wieghtAmount: wieghtAmount
quantity: quantity
frieghtCompanyName? ∈ known
date1 ≤ terminal(frieghtCompanyName, wieghtAmount, quantity) ≤ date2
This schema describes no change in the state. The information of delivering goods of a freight company is found based on two given dates. The condition is that entered freight company name must be known to the system.
Operation 7:
findShipTotalAccount
Ξterminal
name?: NAME
wieghtAmount: wieghtAmount
quantity: quantity
name? ∈ known
name! = terminal(quantity, wieghtAmount)
This abstract state set describes that state of terminal will not change. The state will find the current load in the terminal if the entered terminal name is known.
Operation 8:
findFreightCOmpany
Ξdelivery1
frieghtCompanyName?: frieghtCompanyName
wieghtAmount: wieghtAmount
quantity: quantity
value1! = value1
value2! = value2
frieghtCompanyName? ∈ known
quantity*wieghtAmount ≥ value1
⇒(frieghtCompanyName! = terminal(quantity, wieghtAmount))
quantity*wieghtAmount ≤ value1
Error! = ′Not available′
The delivery state will not change after this operation. The operation is carried out to identify goods delivered by the freight company to a specific terminal.
Conclusion:
The article has presented the states of the terminal container control system in a very particular way. The use of the abstract method has been properly utilized in every possible state. The operations has described all the input and output variables accurately.
Referances:
Asadi, M., Soltani, S., Gaševi?, D., & Hatala, M. (2016). The effects of visualization and interaction techniqueIDs on feature model configuration. Empirical Software Engineering, 21(4), 1706-1743.
Bowen, J. P. (2016). The Z Notation: Whence the Cause and Whither the Course?. In Engineering Trustworthy Software Systems (pp. 103-151). Springer, Cham.
Iqbal, M. Z., Arcuri, A., & Briand, L. (2015). Environment modeling and simulation for automated testing of soft real-time embedded software. Software & Systems Modeling, 14(1), 483-524.
Klein, M. J., Sawicki, S., Roos-Frantz, F., & Frantz, R. Z. (2014, April). On the Formalisation of an Application Integration Language Using Z Notation. In ICEIS (1) (pp. 314-319).
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