ITECH5500 Professional Research and Wireless Communication

A. Report Layout

The mini research report must contain the following sections, submitted in the order as listed below-

Title Page – selection of an informative title
Abstract- summarization of the significant concepts in the study focusing on key aspects (major results and conclusions)
Table of Contents.
Introduction – outline of thethesis, problem, question, etc. (stating the thesis/theory in terms of relationship among variables and examining the problem or investigating the question, or the like) and preview of the structure of the paper.
Literature Review- demonstration of the ability to find significant sources, familiarity with the existing body of knowledge, analysis of existing research, and learning through a careful reading of existing scholarship.
Methods (and Methodology)- procedures and processesyou intend to follow in your investigation/study including the research design– study type, research question, hypotheses, variables, and data collection methods (as applicable)..
Discussion– bring together your ideas from both the methodology and literature review. Why is your methodology being proposed for gathering data to answer the research question? What are the limitations of your methodology? Will there by internal/external validity threats? How may the results of your study possibly lead to further research? And any other points you feel relevant.
Conclusion –briefly restate the research highlighting the implicationsof your findings

B. Reflective Journal

You are required to produce a Reflective Journal that has been ongoing and progressive in terms of reporting ideas developed and other findings for the purposes of the research work.

For this part of the assignment, write up a Reflective Journal of all work relating to your research topic and research idea as you have progressed through on a weekly basis, based on your weekly work/exercises in Part B of your Tutorial-Workshops from weeks 1-10.

A Reflective Journal is a tool that allows students to reflect on and write about their progress in their learning. They can identify and reflect on success and challenges. Its purpose is:

To record the development of your ideas and insights through the weekly exercises
To reflect on your own learning process
To analyze and discuss key issues covered by class work and/or readings

In other words, a Reflective Journal is a personal record of your progress and your developments in thinking about a subject or a topic. Although it’s a more informal style of writing than other academic assignments, you now need to submit it as regular entries developed over a period of time- from week 1 till week 10. Your reflective journal forms the basis of your research report.

Consider the following when writing a reflective journal:

Describe events and your experience on weekly basis (weeks 1-10 based on the Tutorial-Workshops Part B) – What did I do/hear/see?
Interpret and evaluate the events from your perspective – What do I think about it now? How does it relate to other things that I know?
Explain your experience- reveal your new insights, connections with other learning, your hypotheses, and your conclusions.
Have I changed how I think about the situation? How have I used these to help organize my writing?

Create individual weekly headings to reflect on and add a brief conclusion on the reflections at the end, all as suggested above.

C. Ethics Application

Include a fully completed ethics application in your submission. Refer to the lecture slides from week 7 for details of how to complete each section and to tutorial 7 for the links to the appropriate documentation

Answer

Part A

Introduction

Communication is an essential part of human life. Various forms of communication are used to express the thoughts and information. With the advent of technology, the communication media has enhanced, thus enhancing the overall communication. Wired communication has been replaced with wireless communication as technical advancements took place. The introduction of the wireless communication has completely changed the perspective of communication among human beings as well as among various electronic devices. With the advent of wireless communication, satellite communication, infrared communication, microwave communication, mobile communication, Wi-Fi communication and communication using Bluetooth has made their places strongly in the society. With the easy availability of these technologies, people have started adopting the wireless communication thus, opening a new dimension for communication. This research proposal presents the research problem on which the research is based. The research aims as well as the objectives are clearly stated by the research. Various peer reviewed books and journals have been reviewed in order to create a suitable platform for the research. The secondary data collected through the literature review will be used to the researcher for in depth knowledge gain. The most suitable research methodology will be selected along with highlighting the research philosophy, research design, and research approach. Finally, a suitable conclusion along has also been presented in this research proposal. A reflection on the research taken up has been included and the skills that were enhanced with the research work is also mentioned. Ethics have a key role to play in any research. Hence, the ethical consideration that has been taken up by the researcher has been also shed light upon, in this assignment.

Research problem

With the use of wireless technology, the communications among the human beings have been enhanced greatly. However, with the increase in the use of wireless communication, more microwave towers, satellite dishes are being installed in the urban region, to enhance the signal strength of communication. However, these increases in the number of towers and satellites and the radiations from them have adverse health effects on the human beings. This research highlights the various positive and negative effects that wireless technology have on human beings as well as communication.

Research aim

justify;">The aim of the research is to carry out an in depth analysis of the positive and negative effects that wireless technology have on communication as well as human beings.

Research objectives

To identify the positive effects that wireless technology have on communication
To analyse the causes of the negative effects of wireless technology
To ensure that wireless communication is used in the enhancement of human lives
To recommend ways to enhance communication and reduce the adverse health effects of wireless technologies

Literature review

Concepts of wireless communication

Wireless technology has a key role to play in communication. With the advent of technology, communication has become advanced (Bi, Ho & Zhang, 2015). The communication devices that are located at remote locations communicate with each other such as cordless phones, mobile communication, Wi-Fi communication, satellite communication (Bi, Ho & Zhang, 2015). The use of wireless technology has changed the overall perspective of human communication. In the literature review, the history of wireless communication is presented, along with the various types of wireless communication (Khairnar, Vaishali & Pradhan, 2014). The technical issues have been mentioned along with the effects of wireless technology on human communication.

History of wireless communication

The wireless communication was first developed in the pre-industrial age. The wireless communication was done using smoke signals as well as by flashing mirrors (Pyattaev et al., 2015). However, with the eventual development in technology, the wireless communication made rapid advancements. The early radio signals that were transmitted were an analog signal (Bi, Ho & Zhang, 2015). With advancements, digital signals are being transmitted through the radio signals today.

Types of wireless communication used

The various types of wireless technologies that are used widely in today’s world are as follows:

Satellite communication: This is one of the earliest wireless technology used in communication. With the use of the satellite communication, the people from all over the world is connected. The wireless signal is sent to the nearest satellite and the satellite in return amplifies the signal (Wang et al., 2014). This amplified signal is send back to the receiver antenna, that is located on the surface of the earth. In satellite communication, there are two main segments (Koenig et al., 2013). These are the ground segment as well as the space segment. Thus, wireless communication is carried out, using the satellite communication (Saeedkia, 2013).

Infrared communication: In this type of wireless communication, the communication device uses infrared radiations to communicate with each other (Pyattaev et al., 2015). The infrared radiation is a kind of electromagnetic energy that has a wavelength longer than that of red light (Bi, Ho & Zhang, 2015). This kind of communication is used in control of security, as well as the remote control of television (Saeedkia, 2013). In order to communicate successfully using the infrared communication, a photo diode receptor and a photo LED transmitter is essential (Thompson et al., 2013). The LED transmitter transmits the infrared signals and these signals are received by the photoreceptor. Hence, communication is carried out successfully using wireless communication (Pyattaev et al., 2015).

Microwave communication: One of the most effective wireless communication techniques include the microwave wireless communication (Bi, Ho & Zhang, 2015). This type of wireless communication data can be transferred in two ways, one using the terrestrial method and the other using the satellite method (Bi, Ho & Zhang, 2015). In the terrestrial method, communication takes place between two microwave towers with a clear line of sight between them (Khairnar, Vaishali & Pradhan, 2014). It is to be ensured that there is no obstacle between them. However, in the satellite method, data transfer takes place using a satellite that orbits the earth 22,300 miles above the earth.

Wi-Fi: One of the most modern and most widely used wireless technologies is the Wi-Fi technology for wireless communication. However, this type of the wireless communication is a low power wireless communication (Bi, Ho & Zhang, 2015). Various electronic devices such as laptops and smart phones use this type of communication (Yang et al., 2015). In order to use the Wi-Fi wireless communication, the devices have to be placed in proximity of the Wi-Fi router (Saeedkia, 2013). In the modern world, this type of communication is very popular (Bi, Ho & Zhang, 2015). The Wi-Fi networks are password protected to ensure that all the devices connected to a particular Wi-Fi are safe and secured (Baldini et al., 2014. Thus, using the Wi-Fi communication, a secured yet wireless communication is carried out (Pyattaev et al., 2015).

Mobile communication: Use of the mobile communication has enhanced the communication through wireless media. The users of the mobile communication communicate through frequency brands (Khairnar, Vaishali & Pradhan, 2014). Mobile phones have a long range of frequency and hence close proximity of the mobile network is not needed (Bi, Ho & Zhang, 2015). However, in case of cordless phones, the frequency ranges is low, and hence close proximity is needed for effective communication (Pyattaev et al., 2015).

Bluetooth technology: The Bluetooth technology connects the electronic devices with each other, such that data could be transferred among the devices successfully (Bi, Ho & Zhang, 2015). However, the Bluetooth communication requires the devices to be connected in close proximity (Khairnar, Vaishali & Pradhan, 2014). In Bluetooth communication, half-duplex communication takes place. This refers to the one sided communication. When the sender sends a message, the receiver cannot transmit message simultaneously. Thus, a half-duplex communication takes place in Bluetooth communication (Pyattaev et al., 2015).

Technical issues

Though the enhancements in the wireless technologies have enhanced the communication, yet, there are certain technical issues that are faced by the wireless communication. These issues are as follows:

Fading of the signal: Fading of the wireless signal is one of the major technical issues that are faced by the wireless technology. Unlike the wired communication technology, the wireless signals need to be boosted from time to time. Wireless signals are weakened and distorted by noise interference (Khairnar, Vaishali & Pradhan, 2014). Thus, the signal send from the transmitter might fade midway and the receiver does not recognize the signal that is received. Moreover, even if the signal strength is maintained, the unreliability of the wireless media causes the loss of the data packets (Bi, Ho & Zhang, 2015).

Mobility: The wireless communication does not have any constraint as in case of the wired communication. However, during handoffs between the different networks, the data packets might be lost (Makimoto & Yamashita, 2013). Thus, a large number of data packets are lost during, these handoffs.

Security: Security is a major issue in the wireless communication. This is because, many of the Wi-Fi networks or the Bluetooth networks might lack the adequate security (Pyattaev et al., 2015). The Wi-Fi network often lacks security of passwords and thus unauthorized people might connect to the free Wi-Fi (Khairnar, Vaishali & Pradhan, 2014). Thus, security is a major issue and data might be lost by the use of hackers and unauthorized middlemen. Moreover, in case of the use of public Wi-Fi, security codes and passwords are not used, as they are meant for public use (Bi, Ho & Zhang, 2015). However, hackers take advantage of this and connect to the Wi-Fi network and hack all the surrounding devices that are connected to the particular Wi-Fi (Saeedkia, 2013). Thus, the security is a major issue in the use of the wireless technology. As a result, confidential and sensitive information from the devices connected could be lost, without the knowledge of the user.

Quality of services: With the increase in the number of connections in the wireless communication, the quality of the services provides deteriorates. The lack of reliability, along with delay in the transmission and lack of bandwidth degrades the quality of the services provided (Bi, Ho & Zhang, 2015). With the degradation in the service quality, call drops and cross connection in the calls occur. Moreover, cases of packets being lost also occurs as the quality of the services degrade (Pyattaev et al., 2015). With the increase in the number of the users, the number of the satellite towers does not increase proportionately, thus resulting in then degradation of the quality of the services provided to the users (Saeedkia, 2013).

Effects of wireless technology on human communication

The wireless technology has a positive effect on the human communication. This is because, the data is transmitted faster than the wired technology. Moreover, the installation cost as well as the maintenance cost of the wireless communication is lower than the wired communication (Khairnar, Vaishali & Pradhan, 2014). Thus, the wireless communication offers the best quality communication at a low price. Moreover, the internet could be accessed anywhere without the need of wired connections thus enhancing the human communication (Bi, Ho, & Zhang, 2015). The overall communication of the human beings witnessed enhancement. However, with the increase in the number of users of the wireless technology, security is a major issue (Saeedkia, 2013). The lack of security in the Wi-Fi as well as the Bluetooth devices makes the data being transmitted vulnerable (Pyattaev et al., 2015). Thus, along with the advantages presented by the wireless communication, the confidential information is made vulnerable.

Methodology

The research methodology highlights the research philosophy that is to be chosen along with the research approach which is most appropriate for the research. The researcher has chosen the philosophy of positivism (Taylor, Bogdan & DeVault, 2015). This is because, the factors that are responsible for the enhancement of communication by the use of wireless technology could be highlighted (Mackey & Gass, 2015). The research approach that is chosen for this research is the deductive approach will be used (Pyattaev et al., 2015). There are two basic approaches namely the inductive approach and the deductive approach. In the inductive approach of a research, the primary and secondary data is collected (Taylor, Bogdan & DeVault, 2015). These collected data are analysed, along with the establishment of the relevant theories. In contrast to this, the deductive approach selects various relevant theories and ensures successful implementation of these theories (Mackey & Gass, 2015). Research design helps in the interpretation of the results of the data analysis (Taylor, Bogdan & DeVault, 2015). Three types of the research design that are commonly used are the descriptive research design, exploratory and explanatory research design (Mackey & Gass, 2015). The selection of the most appropriate research design helps in further progress of the research. For this research, the researcher will chose the descriptive design (Taylor, Bogdan & DeVault, 2015). The data collection in this research will be both primary and secondary (Mackey & Gass, 2015). For the secondary data collection, peer-reviewed journals and relevant books have been chosen.

Discussion

The research methodology that has been selected is the most appropriate for the research. However, due to the limitation in time and the limited number of resources are the major limitations of the research. The secondary data collected will be useful for the creation of an effective platform for the conduction of the research further. This research that will be taken up has utility in the academic sector, as well as in the technology sector. Using this research, various other researches might develop. Moreover, the technical issues that are highlighted in this research could be mitigated with the recommendations mentioned in the research.

Conclusion

This research proposal sheds light on the various aspects of wireless technology, and its effects on human communication. The various aspects of the wireless communication have been highlighted, along with the various forms of wireless technologies that are available for the enhancement of communication among the human beings. However, with the increase in the number of people using the wireless technologies, the security has become a major issue. Moreover, the quality of the services that are provided has also degraded with the increase in the number of users. This research attempts to highlight the issues along with the enhancement of communication with the use of wireless technologies. The most appropriate research methodology, along with the best suited research design and research approach has been selected for this research.

Part B

This research proposal has been a learning experience for me. I took 5 weeks to develop this research proposal. The schedules for the five weeks are given below:

Weeks	Activities
1	Selection of the topic and finalization of the topic among various shortlisted topics. First I have selected some of the topics related to the wireless technology. After an in-depth research, and reading the recent researches done on this particular topic, I narrowed done the topic to the effect of wireless technology on human communication.
2	Once the topic is selected, relevant books and journals are shortlisted. I searched for the relevant books and journals. While searching I found that many of the books and journals were relevant but were outdated. However, the books and journals that were recent did not have much relevant information.
3	Out of many books and journals, some are selected for review. Thus, considering the inclusion and the exclusion criteria, I selected some relevant books and journals. I selected the most appropriate research methodology, along with highlighting the selected research design and research approach.
4	The research proposal is made and submitted for review.
5	Once the proposal is accepted and finalized, the research project starts.

While doing this research, my professional skills such as communication skills, presentation skills as well as research skills are enhanced. While doing this research, I have improved my research skills. I have used my skills of research to find out various books and journals and review those for gaining in depth knowledge of the relevant topic. My comprehensive skills are enhanced since I had to read the books and journals and comprehend the idea presented by the writer. As I continued with the research, I faced various limitations. I found that all the books and journals that were chosen by me were not relevant. Some of the journals were outdated and hence failed to give the clear picture regarding the topic. After I read the books and peer-reviewed journals, I comprehended the ideas presented by the various authors and reviewed them. While reviewing the books and journals, my writing skills were enhanced remarkably. I used academic language to comprehend the contents of the books and the journals. Thus, with the enhancement of my writing skills, I am able to present the ideas of the authors of the books and peer-reviewed journals. My presentation skills are improved remarkably and I am able to present my idea in a crisp manner, without being confused with the thoughts. My understanding of the wireless technologies, and its use to enhance the communication among the human beings were clarified. I successfully comprehended the technical issues that are faced by the wireless communication with the increase in the number of the users. After gaining an in-depth knowledge, my perceptions regarding the wireless technologies and its uses in the enhancement of communication among the human beings, have changed. I have learned about the perceptions of the eminent authors and highlighted their point if views in this research. Thus, the research has been a learning experience for me, paving the way for better understanding and enhancement of the various presentation and academic skills. My understanding and domain knowledge regarding the wireless technology has increased and I have become aware of the new technological developments in the fields of wireless technologies. Moreover, my confidence in further research work has been gained and in future I will be able to move forward with any other research.

Part C

While conducting this research, various ethical considerations have been taken care of. Maintaining the ethics has a key role to play in any research project. The maintenance of ethics includes the protection of the privacy of the participants who have been selected for the primary research. All the participants were informed prior to the conduction of the survey. Moreover, none of the participants were forced to participate in the survey. Prior appointment and consent has been taken. Moreover, the data collected from the survey will be used only for academic purpose and not for commercial purposes. Moreover, while conduction of the research, all the journals that are used have been used as reference and as a platform for further research. None of the ideas and concepts used in the books and journals have been claimed to be an innovation of the researcher. These are some of the ethical considerations that have been abided by the researcher. It is essential to maintain the ethics since an unethical research work is not desirable. All the personal information collected will be kept confidential, along with the names and identities of the participants. Among the chosen participants, no participant has the age below 21 years. Thus, any form of force has not been applied on the participants and they are free to discontinue, whenever they wish to. Finally, it might be concluded that maintenance of the ethics has a key role to play, in enriching the research work, taken up by the researcher.

References

Baldini, G., Karanasios, S., Allen, D., & Vergari, F. (2014). Survey of wireless communication technologies for public safety. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, 16(2), 619-641.

Bi, S., Ho, C. K., & Zhang, R. (2015). Wireless powered communication: opportunities and challenges. IEEE Communications Magazine, 53(4), 117-125.

Khairnar, M., Vaishali, D., & Pradhan, D. S. (2014). V2V communication survey wireless technology. arXiv preprint arXiv:1403.3993.

Koenig, S., Lopez-Diaz, D., Antes, J., Boes, F., Henneberger, R., Leuther, A., ... & Zwick, T. (2013). Wireless sub-THz communication system with high data rate. Nature Photonics, 7(12), 977-981.

Mackey, A., & Gass, S. M. (2015). Second language research: Methodology and design. Routledge.

Makimoto, M., & Yamashita, S. (2013). Microwave resonators and filters for wireless communication: theory, design and application (Vol. 4). Springer Science & Business Media.

Pyattaev, A., Johnsson, K., Andreev, S., & Koucheryavy, Y. (2015). Communication challenges in high-density deployments of wearable wireless devices. IEEE Wireless Communications, 22(1), 12-18.

Saeedkia, D. (Ed.). (2013). Handbook of terahertz technology for imaging, sensing and communications. Elsevier.

Taylor, S. J., Bogdan, R., & DeVault, M. (2015). Introduction to qualitative research methods: A guidebook and resource. John Wiley & Sons.

Thompson, J., Ge, X., Wu, H. C., Irmer, R., Jiang, H., Fettweis, G., & Alamouti, S. (2014). 5G wireless communication systems: prospects and challenges [Guest Editorial]. IEEE Communications Magazine, 52(2), 62-64.

Wang, C. X., Haider, F., Gao, X., You, X. H., Yang, Y., Yuan, D., & Hepsaydir, E. (2014). Cellular architecture and key technologies for 5G wireless communication networks. IEEE Communications Magazine, 52(2), 122-130.

Yang, N., Wang, L., Geraci, G., Elkashlan, M., Yuan, J., & Di Renzo, M. (2015). Safeguarding 5G wireless communication networks using physical layer security. IEEE Communications Magazine, 53(4), 20-27.

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