ITC571 Emerging Technologies and Innovation: Air Traffic System

Aubert, M., Uzumcu, S., Hutchins, A., & Cummings, M. (2015, January). Toward the development of a low-altitude air traffic control paradigm for networks of small, autonomous unmanned aerial vehicles. In AIAA SciTech Conference, Kissimmee, FL. Available at: https://ai2-s2-pdfs.s3.amazonaws.com/e523/31850739d1de2f4463ef5afe07ffa2dd69f0.pdf

Recently the usage of the Unmanned Aerial Vehicles in the different commercial settings is enhancing rapidly. In addition to that, FAA has anticipated the fact that near about 15000 units would be employed until 2020. However, there is a major concern regarding the fact that how the huge network of the commercial drones can be monitored properly. As the UAVs are not efficient enough to handle the air traffic system, therefore the enhancement in the use of UAv’s has been reduced. From this referred journal, it has been found that the new air traffic management system has three main components that are assisted by a proper range of external systems. One of the components is the sensor network. Along with that, it has the data fusion subsystem and the proper decision support subsystem. In addition to that, it also has the UAV network and the flight planning management system. This component mainly helps the UAVs to have a proper knowledge regarding the global positioning system along with the proper geographical position of the UAV.

Bourdon, S., Arbour, B., & MacLeod, M. R. (2014). A method for hierarchically prioritizing capabilities with an application to military manned and unmanned aerial vehicles. Journal of Applied Operational Research, 6(1), 39-47. Available at: https://orlabanalytics.ca/jaor/archive/v6/n1/jaorv6n1p39.pdf

Selection of the different options in order to implement the recent technological aspects in to the military mainly requires the analysis of different factors. Earlier the main threat regarding the implementation of the new technology in the field of military was the future conflict situation regarding the implementation. Along with that, this referred journal provides the HPC method that mainly gives an ample amount of details regarding the exact requirements for a particular community along with that it also asses the series of both current and the technical capabilities against the community. As the technology is upgrading day by day, therefore the the implementation of the HPC method can be implemented in order to develop the UAVs. In addition to that, the HPC method has already been used in the Canadian defense projects and it has been considered as the factor that prioritizes the scenes in a particular multinational event that involves both the manned and the unmanned aircraft system.

Deng, C., Wang, S., Huang, Z., Tan, Z., & Liu, J. (2014). Unmanned aerial vehicles for power line inspection: A cooperative way in platforms and communications. Journal of Communications, 9(9). Available at: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/7e68/5fb533e9df95a7ebf51a45b8b6e0df28be04.pdf

In this particular age of smart grid technology, the technology regarding the UAV in order to get the inspection of the power line is taking an ample amount of attention from the power industry. The team that is responsible for the inspection mainly carries out the on-site inspection along with the acquisition of the high definition images from the airborne camera and then sends those images back to the office in order to analyze the defects in those. As the UAVs have replaced the human power, they are very much cost effective and they are very high in terms of their quality. Along with that, this technology can also be used in the areas where it is not possible for the humans to reach out. In addition to that, as the technology provides an ample amount of advancement regarding the technological field, therefore the cost of this become very much affordable for the different civil and the industrial operations. Moreover, there is some power industry in China who uses the UAVs in their business operations as a means of power line inspection. The multiple types of UAVs can easily cope up with the different types of business operations. However, it depends on the weather along with the different areas.

Duan, H., Luo, Q., & Yu, Y. (2013). Trophallaxis network control approach to formation flight of multiple unmanned aerial vehicles. Science China Technological Sciences, 56(5), 1066-1074. Available at: https://hbduan.buaa.edu.cn/papers/HaibinDUAN_Luo_Sci_China_Tech_2013.pdf

A novel network-control process that is based on the trophallaxis mechanism is mainly applied on the different formation of the problems regarding the flights for the multiple UAVs. The referred journal also described the leader-follower formation flight model along with the virtual leader based on the network. The model mainly describes the process that how the operator sends the commands regarding the tasks and it also monitors the changes regarding the different states of the UAV. Trophallatic is considered as a new algorithm that is mainly based on the trophallatic behavior of the different animals. It is also considered as the process of exchanging the fluid by direct mouth-to-mouth. In this particular system, each of the UAVs obtains a proper sequence regarding the task commands and their own state and then they transferred the set of information to the trophallaxis network.

Dudek, M., Tomczyk, P., Wygonik, P., Korkosz, M., Bogusz, P., & Lis, B. (2013). Hybrid fuel cell—battery system as a main power unit for small unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV). Int. J. Electrochem. Sci, 8, 8442-8463. Available at: https://www.electrochemsci.org/papers/vol8/80608442.pdf

The unmanned aerial vehicles are mainly designed for the purpose of surveying and the surveillance. These certain applications have very specific obstructions regarding the cost, power along with the flight endurance, space, and weight. In between the resources, the power is the most important that affects the performance of the UAVs. The UAVs need to have the high source of power and it should be dense in regards with energy efficiency. In addition to that, the density of the power source has a positive impact over the speed of the aircraft along with its capacity of taking load. It also creates an ample amount of impact over range of the flights that needs to be recharge through the energy accumulator. In addition to that, the referred journal also provides a brief description regarding the proper difference in between the fuel cells and the electrochemical batteries. As the fuel cells are high in energy density in comparison to the batteries, therefore they are mainly used as the source of power in the UAVs.

Hackney, C., & Clayton, A. (2015). 2.1. 7. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) and their application in geomorphic mapping. Available at: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/376639/1/2.1.7_UAV.pdf

The topographic surveys that are very much detailed in their nature considered as the most important aspect regarding the earth surface studies. These kinds of surveys are important for the large areas and in the high temporal resolution to be used in the monitoring the hazards along with the different changers in the sector of ecology. In order to get the spatial resolution there are some techniques that can be used such as the low-level aerial photography and the Terrestrial Laser Scanning. However, these particular techniques are very much costly and take an ample amount of time to produce a suitable set of results. Still the platform of the satellite imaging develops the products whose quality of the image resolution is so poor that it is not able to resolve the fine scale photography. Therefore, the advancement in the technological fields has enhanced the use of the UAVs in order to take the aerial photos over the large scales and having a huge temporal resolution.

Humphrey, L., Wolff, E., & Topcu, U. (2014). Formal specification and synthesis of mission plans for unmanned aerial vehicles. In Proc. of the AAAI Spring Symposium. Available at: https://www.aaai.org/ocs/index.php/SSS/SSS14/paper/viewFile/7751/7769

The missions of the Unmanned Aerial Vehicles are becoming very complex these days such as the intelligence along with the surveillance. Earlier some operators worked combined in order to plan the mission for the UAVs. However, a single operator is now being used in order to plan the mission of multiple UAVs. The enhanced use of the autonomy has shifted the paradigm. However, it creates a difficult situation. One hand the enhanced use of the autonomy permits the operators to manage the multiple UAVs with ease. Along with that, on the other hand the proper amount of interaction and the time between the different high level tasks such as the different tasks across the different UAVs becoming very much difficult for the operators in order to anticipate and track down the activity of the UAVs. The missions of the UAVs are becoming complex enough so the operators need to use the different automated tools in order to handle the issues and provide the operators with an ample amount of assistance in the mission planning and the proper execution of the planning. The referred journal mainly performs a review of the different applications of the formal methods and defines the fact that how the methods can be used in orders to improve the intelligence along with the surveillance process of the UAVs.

Pullen, S., Enge, P., & Lee, J. (2013). Local-area differential GNSS architectures optimized to support unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). In ION Institute of Navigation International Technical Meeting, San Diego, CA. Available at: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/9f69/61f5a3e707ababf3af2c643459123f293c40.pdf

The study provides the brief description of the safety measures of the UAVs. These are able to provide an ample amount of threat to the airspace security in different ways that includes the unintentional collisions with the other aircraft devices. In addition to that, these are also vulnerable to the different malicious attacks. Along with that, the UAVs can be hijacked or jammed. The study provides an ample amount of details regarding these factors. On the other hand, these can also be used in the different positive ways such as in the agricultural field along with the passenger transport system and the identification of the criminals and the terrorists. Moreover, this concept of UAV can also be used in the monitoring of the entire traffic system.

Renard, J. B., Dulac, F., Berthet, G., Lurton, T., Vignelle, D., Jégou, F., ... & Akiki, R. (2015). LOAC: a small aerosol optical counter/sizer for ground-based and balloon measurements of the size distribution and nature of atmospheric particles–Part 2: First results from balloon and unmanned aerial vehicle flights. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions, 8(1), 1261-1299. Available at: https://www.atmos-meas-tech-discuss.net/8/1261/2015/amtd-8-1261-2015.pdf

The authors have made their usage of quantitative data and analysis methods extremely clear. Their ultimate aim is to explore the feasibility of using devices of the Fourth Generation Long Term Evolution type as a kind of savior for victims trapped in the disastrous natural phenomenon of avalanches. The possibility of using Unmanned Aerial Vehicle to reach the site of an avalanche in order to reach a survivor quicker than the currently implemented search methods has been seriously considered as well. This possibility has been directly correlated with the survivors and distressed avalanche victims carrying a Fourth Generation Long Term Evolution device that can potentially have an application that sends the necessary distress signals. Since the researchers did not know the propagation of signals of the aforementioned kind of device through snow very well, they conducted studies to check the same. Their studies included several tests and real time exams, in order to fully determine whether it is even feasible to use a smart phone as a device that helps in rescue missions.

Stojcsics, D. (2014). Autonomous waypoint-based guidance methods for small size unmanned aerial vehicles. Acta Polytechnica Hungarica, 11(10), 215-233. Available at: https://uni-obuda.hu/journal/Stojcsics_56.pdf

The development of the AERObot, which is a special ARM autopilot completely based on the microcontroller, has been developed mainly for small and medium sized UAVs for the sole purpose of conducting relevant research. The ultimate aim is the creation of a generic autopilot that holds the capability of controlling a diverse range of eight, designs, and structure airframes without the inhibitions of model recalculations or any complex parameters. A proper heading based guidance method has been implemented in this study in order to visualize and meet the main needs and requirements of the necessary parameters. The quality and the overall work performance has to be the same while implementing the said tactic, and this paper aims to achieve such an ideal case scenario. The authors have strived to incorporate the main measures of safety and quality while implementing the aforementioned tactics, and have made sure to include the relevant safety measures. Thus, this paper attempts to present a new method of guidance and a few controller types that have been found to properly fit it. Test flights have been included in the overall research as well.

Ward-Bailey, J., Matcha, H., Murugesan, M., Ganguly, S., Gates, H., Little, N., & Aeronautics, F. (2016). Feasibility Study of Using Wireless Transmitters in Conjunction with Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) to Extend Communications Networks. Capstone Research Project. Available at: https://www.colorado.edu/itp/sites/default/files/attached-files/58251-130943_-_jeffrey_ward-bailey_-_apr_24_2016_434_pm_-_group_12_final_research_paper_ward-bailey_ganguly_matcha_murugesan_resubmission.pdf

This paper attempts to use the properties of commercially available small cells, which are able to automatically sense signal strengths of wireless origin. A relevant and detailed study of previous research conducted on the Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) have been extremely useful in creating and augmenting the networks of communications in order to prove to be very useful for search and rescue workers. The main aim of this research has been to measure the feasibility of different kinds of wireless communication models employing the aforementioned UAVs. Different methods such as the propagation tests, which have been performed through mathematical modeling, have been incorporated in the research section of this study. The authors have attempted to use all relevant methods to test the validity of the main topic under study. They have also used the method of subjecting wireless signals to varying amounts of free space, multipath as well as RF link fading during the changes in the position and height of the mobile transmitter changes. Results have been generated using the aforementioned methods, studies, and conclusions including the policy and regulatory considerations have been provided as well.

Wolfe, V., Frobe, W., Shrinivasan, V., Hsieh, T. Y., & Gates, H. M. (2014). Feasibility Study of Utilizing 4G LTE Signals in Combination with Unmanned Aerial Vehicles for the Purpose of Search and Rescue of Avalanche Victims (Increment 1). University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, Research Report, Spring. Available at: https://www.colorado.edu/itp/sites/default/files/attached-files/team_18_-_william_andrew_frobe_-_apr_25_2014_302_pm_-_lte_search_and_rescue_operations_of_avalanche_victims_-_v6_1.pdf

The authors have made their usage of quantitative data and analysis methods extremely clear. Their ultimate aim is to explore the feasibility of using devices of the Fourth Generation Long Term Evolution type as a kind of savior for victims trapped in the disastrous natural phenomenon of avalanches. The possibility of using Unmanned Aerial Vehicle to reach the site of an avalanche in order to reach a survivor quicker than the currently implemented search methods has been seriously considered as well. This possibility has been directly correlated with the survivors and distressed avalanche victims carrying a Fourth Generation Long Term Evolution device that can potentially have an application that sends the necessary distress signals. Since the researchers did not know the propagation of signals of the aforementioned kind of device through snow very well, they conducted studies to check the same. Their studies included several tests and real time exams, in order to fully determine whether it is even feasible to use a smart phone as a device that helps in rescue missions.