ITC505 ICT Project Management: OSI Reference Model
Questions:
- Compare and contrast the OSI reference model with the TCP/IP networking protocol. Which do you think is more useful when working with and describing networks? Why?
- Discuss the pros and cons of utilizing IPv6 in today’s network architecture design.
Answers:
1.
OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) is a reference model developed by International Standards Organization (ISO) for establishing a standard for network communications. OSI model provides a basis for understanding and designing of network architecture which is robust and flexible. The OSI reference model facilitates communication between systems of all types without requir
ing any changes in the underlying hardware and software. The OSI model is a layered architecture which consists of 7 ordered layers- physical (layer 1), data link (layer 2), network (layer 3), transport (layer 4), session (layer 5), presentation (layer 6) and application (layer 7). Layers 1, 2, and 3 (physical, data link, and network) takes into account the physical aspects of data communication such as physical addressing and physical connectivity. Layer 5, 6, and 7 (session, presentation, and application) are user support layers which allow interoperability among unrelated software. Layer 4 (transport) acts as a link between these two sub groups and ensures that data transmitted by one sub group is understood by the other.
TCP/IP networking protocol is a protocol suite which was developed earlier than the OSI reference model and does not match to the protocol stack of the OSI model. While OSI model consists of seven layers, the TCP/IP networking protocol consists only of five. The layers session and presentation are absent in the TCP/IP protocol suite. The OSI model is not a protocol; it is a reference model for creation of network protocols while TCP/IP is a protocol suite in itself consisting of multiple protocols at each layer. The application layer in this suite is considered as a combination of last three layers (application, presentation, session) of the OSI reference model. The combination is justified since more than one transport layer protocols are available in the TCP/IP protocol suite. Some of the functionalities of session layer are available in these transport layer protocols.
We think that TCP/IP protocol suite is a better option for describing and working with networks because it provides the possibility of developing independent protocols that can be amalgamated depending on the needs of the system. OSI reference model on the other hand specifies particular functions for particular layers and is inflexible in comparison to the TCP/IP protocol suite. This rigidity may prove to be a hindrance in the development of networking protocols that are not interdependent.
2.
IPv6 protocol provides many advantages over the traditional IPv4 protocol.
- Depletion of IPv4 addresses: An IPv4 address is of 32 bits. Considering an explosion in the number of connected devices from past few years, we may encounter a situation where IPv4 addresses are exhausted. An IPv6 address is 128 bit long and provides an address space which is way huger than that of IPv4 (296times).
- Header format: IPv6 provides a better header format than IPv4 since options are separated from the base header. This simplifies and speeds up the process of routing.
- Extensions: IPv6 is designed in such a way that it can be extended as per requirements of new technologies and applications.
- Security: IPv6 provides options of encryption and authentication to enhance confidentiality and integrity of the packets.
As such, IPv6 doesn’t have any cons but its adoption is delayed. This scenario is likely to be same over the next few years since the major issue of IPv4 addresses being exhausted is handled well with the help of classless addressing, DHCP and NAT. The continuous increase in network enabled devices may however, lead to complete adoption of IPv6 especially with emergence of new technologies like internet of things (iot) through which almost everything would be connected. IPv6 may enable us to give a unique static address to each device, but this may prove to be a privacy concern for network administrators.
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