HLT54115 Diploma of Nursing Work with Diverse People
- Identifying information should be included in the case study
- The resident should have dual diagnosis including but not limited to dementia and continence issues
Which theory of ageing you believe is most appropriate for this resident
Explain the physiology of ageing and how it relates to this resident’s disease process
Strategies and nursing interventions that can be used with people with dementia
Subjective memory complaints in elders depression anxiety or cognitive decline?
Anxiety and depression associated with urinary incontinence A 10?
Anxiety sensitivity emotional avoidance and PTSD symptom severity among crack/cocaine dependent patients in residential treatment.
Differential associations among alcohol use depression and perceived life meaning in male and female college students.
Answer:
Introduction
This essay is the case study of an aged individual residing in a clinical placement facility. Before starting to gather information about the patient, permissions were obtained from the clinical placement facility. The person or the aged individual is a 70-year-old man and suffers from dementia, depression, anxiety and incontinence. The patient had a history of alcohol abuse, which may be responsible for his symptoms associated with dementia. This is termed as alcohol related brain damage (Ridley, Draper & Withall, 2013). This is common among older adults. Apart from alcohol, he also had a history of drug abuse and this may be responsible for the symptoms associated with anxiety and depression. Long-term use of cocaine and heroin have been reported to lead to anxiety and depression among individuals (Naifeh, Tull & Gratz, 2012). Incon
tinence is the inability to control urine discharge and leads to involuntary release of urine. Incontinence had a significant impact on the life of the individual as it affected both his mental and physical health.
This in turn further aggravated his symptoms of anxiety and depression (Felde, Ebbesen & Hunskaar, 2017). These medical conditions have affected his way of life. Anxiety, depression and dementia are usually associated with cognitive impairment (Balash et al., 2013). He is unable to carry out his daily activities like walking, communicating, getting dressed. He has often succumbed to falls and was subjected to injuries as a result of his cognitive impairment. This has also affected his memory as he frequently forgets that he has already eaten and quarrels with the nursing staff that he was not given food. He also faces difficulties in understanding what others are saying and often hallucinates. He has lost his confidence and does not come out of his room and talk to others. He feels embarrassed due to his incontinence issues. Thus, his social life is also affected further worsening his mental disorders.
The theory of ageing appropriate for this patient is the the Free Radicals Theory. According to this theory, aging is caused because of assaults caused on the body either internally or externally. These assaults damage the cells and subsequently the organs, which results in improper or loss of vital function of the body (Vina et al., 2013). According to the free radical theory, ageing occurs because of accumulation of free radicals over time. Biological structures undergo oxidative damage by free radicals. Free radical damage is caused because of chain reactions, where one free radical helps in the generation of another free radical, thereby resulting in subsequent damage to various parts of the body. Free radicals can cause DNA cross-linking, which can result in various medical conditions encountered during the ageing process, particularly cancer. Free radicals are also associated with the formation of wrinkles and clogged arteries of the heart concerning the ageing population. Nitric oxide and superoxide are some of the free radicals associated with the ageing process. Various antioxidants can help reduce the damaging effects of free radicals on the body (Kirkwood & Kowald, 2012). This theory is appropriate for the patient described in the case study because he had a history of alcohol and drug abuse. Both alcohol and drugs are known to have significant impacts on the body that can lead to serious consequences in the future. Alcohol and drug abuse has been linked to deteriorating mental conditions in the elderly. Moreover, alcohol abuse also leads to incontinence issues, particularly in the elderly. Long-term alcohol and drug abuse leads to the accumulation of toxic substances in the body that accumulates over the years and gives rise to various medical conditions by damaging the various parts of the body. Reactive oxygen species generated because of alcohol consumption can cause damage of cellular complexes like proteins, fats or DNA. Moreover, alcohol also interferes with the immune system of the body that acts as a defense system to protect from the effects of the reactive oxygen species and the free radicals. Metabolism of alcohol in the liver leads to the formation of reactive oxygen species. Moreover, alcohol also stimulates certain enzymes involved in the production of reactive oxygen species. Alcohol has been linked to the development of symptoms of depression. Drinking of alcohol causes the release of serotonin, which helps to regulate the mood patterns of individuals. However, over consumption of alcohol can start a vicious cycle, which in turn not only affects an individual’s physical health but also mental health as well. Regular consumption of alcohol affects the brain chemistry and reduces the level of serotonin, which is a key factor in depression (Schnetzer, Schulenberg & Buchanan, 2013).
Physiology of aging can be defined as the process that starts at birth and continues throughout the life span of an individual. Aging depends on the genetic constitution of an individual and also on the environmental impacts. The genetic constitution of the body determine its ability to adapt to changes in the environment and carry out repair of damages resulting from various environmental experiences. As aging progresses, the body loses its efficiency, is unable to carry out repair activities due to the environmental impacts and this in turn results in loss and damage to tissues. Ageing is a progressive degeneration carried out at the physiological level involved in decline of the functions of various organs and diminishing of the physiological reserves of the body. (Abrams & Thompson, 2014). The patient has a history of drug and alcohol abuse. Alcohol and drugs cause damage to brain cells or neurons and also prevents the growth of new brain cells, thereby giving rise to various mental conditions in the elderly like depression, anxiety, among others. As he aged, his bodily functions also deteriorated and together with the years of damage caused on his body, further added to the severity of the medical conditions that he experienced at his old age. As the body ages, the individual undergoes several bodily changes including decline of mental health. Thus, it can be concluded that apart from the growing age of the individual, his alcohol and drug abuse has further heightened his physiological decline.
Reference List
Abrams, A. P., & Thompson, L. A. (2014). Physiology of Aging of Older Adults. Dental Clinics, 58(4), 729-738.
Balash, Y., Mordechovich, M., Shabtai, H., Giladi, N., Gurevich, T., & Korczyn, A. D. (2013). Subjective memory complaints in elders: depression, anxiety, or cognitive decline?. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica, 127(5), 344-350.
Felde, G., Ebbesen, M. H., & Hunskaar, S. (2017). Anxiety and depression associated with urinary incontinence. A 10?year follow?up study from the Norwegian HUNT study (EPINCONT). Neurourology and urodynamics, 36(2), 322-328.
Kirkwood, T. B., & Kowald, A. (2012). The free?radical theory of ageing–older, wiser and still alive. Bioessays, 34(8), 692-700.
Naifeh, J. A., Tull, M. T., & Gratz, K. L. (2012). Anxiety sensitivity, emotional avoidance, and PTSD symptom severity among crack/cocaine dependent patients in residential treatment. Cognitive therapy and research, 36(3), 247-257.
Ridley, N. J., Draper, B., & Withall, A. (2013). Alcohol-related dementia: an update of the evidence. Alzheimer's research & therapy, 5(1), 3.
Schnetzer, L. W., Schulenberg, S. E., & Buchanan, E. M. (2013). Differential associations among alcohol use, depression and perceived life meaning in male and female college students. Journal of Substance Use, 18(4), 311-319.
Vina, J., Borras, C., Abdelaziz, K. M., Garcia-Valles, R., & Gomez-Cabrera, M. C. (2013). The free radical theory of aging revisited: the cell signaling disruption theory of aging. Antioxidants & redox signaling, 19(8), 779-787.
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