Engr9742 Standards Ethics And Compliance Assessment Answers
An historical case study's body sections may be organised as follows:
- Context — Describe the case or situation being investigated. Focus on the facts of the situation.
- Approach - Use topic based headings and a chronological sequence to give a summary and discussion of contributing factors (usually focusing on a specific time period in the past) that lead to and resulted from the situation described in the case study. Refer to theories, relevant publications or prior cases to explain and justify your interpretations of the situation. Problems and solutions and previous recommendations that were made are highlighted and briefly commented upon (eg; which problems were eventually solved and how they were solved, or which problems continued and why they remained unsolved).
- Conclusion- Try to answer the following questions. What else has been achieved since the situation occurred? Have all recommendations been implemented? What may happen in the future?
Problem-orientated case study A problem orientated case study's body sections may be organised as follows: Headings should be informative and descriptive providing a clue to the contents of the section.
- Describe the context of the case. Present the central issue you will be analysing, what decisions have already been made, what communication processes are occurring in the situation. Focus on the facts.
- Explain your methodology. Identify problems that are demonstrated in the case (use visuals if appropriate) and also explain and justify your choice of analysis tools (eg SWOT, PEST, Force Field…),
- Present summaries of your findings (put details in the appendices) and indicate how you decide what is acceptable/not acceptable as a solution.
- Present an action plan for the recommendations. Recommendations in a case study report should be fairly detailed. Include an action plan that details who should take action, when and how (eg; specifications, steps to follow), and how to assess the action taken. For example, in a case study report you may decide the likelihood of 3 scenarios pose the greatest risks for your company but each poses a risk in unique ways. For each scenario clearly state who is responsible, what action they should take and how they can assess the recommendation.
Answer:
Introduction
There are so many cases which have happened in last 100 years where building collapsed. Similar is the case of the New World Hotel which is situated in Singapore. This incident took place on 15th March 1986 where the building just collapsed instantly taking lives of 33 people and injured many people (Sulaima et al., 2014). There are always some ethical factors involved in the incepting to make the poor structures. It is very important to have good professionalism and ethics while creating anything like New World Hotel as it is related to the loves of many people if some mishap happens. This case study involves the relevant factors that are related to the ethics of this incident. A brief analysis of the case and ethical findings about this ethical case of discussed.
Case Analysis
Singapore is the Asian country which is populated approximately with 4 million people. As it has a growing market, the construction of the skyscrapers is expected to happen every now and then. The New World Hotel was constructed in the year 1971 & it was located in Little India which was 6.5 km away as of the downtown of Singapore. It had 6 floors and it was 24 meters high. That was considered to be the tallest buildings in Little India when it was compared with the other buildings in the area. It had 36 concrete columns that supported 6 floors made of concrete which weighed 6000 tons. The building consisted of the parking lot, bank branch, night clubs etc. The remaining floors were occupied by the New World Hotel. The last and the upper most floors were occupied by the mechanical tools like water tanks and air conditioners etc (Tan, 2013).
The history of the building was good before this incident happened. However, there was a case of leakage of poisonous gas occurred in the year 1975. And every person managed the recovery from the sickness with no defeat of life at all. Pipes were monitored & given for the consent for continuing its operation as there was no deadly case found (comittee, 1987).
Then one day, New World Hotel undergo from a breakdown when it collapsed instantly at about 11 am and this resulted in the deaths of 50 people. Approximately 17 people were rescued and 33 died. Every response units with the Air force and Army were informed and asked to dispatch immediately when the collapse happened to move the people who got buried under the concrete. There were many theories claimed which were the cause of the collapse. Wee Kim who was the president of Singapore ordered the investigation team for finding out the actual cause of the collapse. After the investigation, it was found out that there was no external force which caused this collapse but it was just the poor structural design which supported the building t o collapse as the building weighed so much (Lokuge et al., 2015).
Ethical Factors Related to the CollapseDuty Ethics states that certain duties must and must not be performed irrespective of the good or bad the acts lead to while right ethics focus on the action which is not in favor of the ethical rights. Not like the utilitarian theory which focuses on the health of society on the entire, duty and correct ethics focus more on person (Vee & Skitmore, 2003). It is actually the duty of the engineers to make sure that public is safe. A proper designing must have been done by the engineers before the construction. 33% of the mishap would not have occurred in the new world hotel if the designing of the architecture was done right. Engineers always have the right to exclude everything that is not correct for the particular building. These decisions are acceptable if the ethical and moral rights are not being violated (Staveren, 2007).
Virtue principles
Virtue principles are known for distinguishing the events, if they are good or bad. Everything depends on the personality traits which supports the act (Zyl, 2015). It is majorly related to a person’s personality. This may seem a little not relevant with the engineering ethics yet if observed keeping a different viewpoint; it becomes tough for the individual to change its behaviors. The prevention of the dead load calculation in the design of the building could be viewed as the subordinate because that is the major reason for the collapse of the hotel. Engineers can ask for the advice of some other professional engineer is they are doubtful of the design themselves (Love & Lopez, 2011).
Managing the Unknown
Managing the unknown is not just the skill in engineering ground yet it can be easily applied to anything. If people are ready to manage with the unknown, the risk can easily be reduced as the trouble caused by the unknown varies. A few days ago of collapse, while setting up for evening, night club waitress listened to some noises and saw crack in one of the columns. The irregularities were confirmed as safe on next day. Person who confirmed the abnormalities lead this event of collapse. If he would have been ethical in his duties, he would at least have checked the building thoroughly and the collapse would not have happened (V.Ramasesh, 2014).
Whistle Blowing
Whistle blowing defined the revelation of the illegal doings in the firm done by the staff for the public. There are 4 different whistles blowing such as external, internal, anonymous and acknowledged. All the forms serve the same purpose that is reporting the unethical acts towards someone who can take the action for that (Pierson, 2007). Even the small detail in the field of construction from designing to the type of material used are important for making sure of the security of the architecture’s upcoming. In the case of New World Hotel, the mistakes at the time of design stage have caused the hotel in collapsing. The mistakes in the design were noticed by the coworkers according to the investigation yet no one reported about it to the higher management (Szegedi, 2016).
Benefits and Risks Involved
Benefits: There are no benefits usually in the collapse of the building. Yet one can say that the only benefit in the collapse was that the building could have been filled with 100’s of people but only 33 lives were taken due to this incident. The second benefit that happened was that this became a warning for all the other construction companies which might have been using poor concrete for building the structures. There was a research done that in the decade of 90’s, people became more conscious of using good concrete so that any mishap like New World Hotels does not happen (Tan & Lai, 2013).
Risks: The only risk that is involved in this collapse was the threat to the company which was responsible for building such poor structures. That company came under the threat of having no more orders for the construction (Zavadskas, 2010).
Link to Parties Involved
When this sort of incident happens where a complete building collapses, there are a lot of people involved in the causes (Olumuyiwa & Razak, 2013). Majorly all the stakeholders who were responsible in producing the building were involved with the collapse of the building. Then all the search parties and the rescue parties were involved. The rescue parties consisted of the Army people as well as the Air force of Singapore as the president of the country was also involved in this case because it was a huge case.
Ethical Findings
It is always a duty of multiple people to do their work according to the code of ethics of the particular field they are working in. Some of the ethical mistakes were there when it comes to discussing the case of the new world hotel. On moral ethical grounds, the engineers should be desperate to take care of the architecture which is being constructed under their surveillance (Krechowicz, 2007). The design engineer was not convinced with the design and had his doubts yet he did not go to another senior to clear his doubts. Knowing the fact that this building would accommodate 1000’s of people every day. This was morally very wrong. Secondly, there were cracks seen in the building a few days before. Yet the engineers cleared the issue saying that there is no issue with the building. This can said to be the major reason for the collapse of the building.
Summary and Conclusion
On March 15th in 1986, the New world hotel collapse happened and it was one of the most dangerous event occurred till then. A rescue team was sent with the army and the Air force for saving people’s lives. 33 people still were dead due to this collapse and 13 got injured badly. The investigation suggests that miscalculation of the building load was done. This report analyses the complete case and finds out the unethical issues which were related to this collapse. The engineers breached some code of ethics in engineering and that was the main cause of collapse. The report also suggests the unethical findings which are related to this event. In the conclusion, one can say that an engineer must never break the code of ethics and there is a need for them to understand the seriousness of the result which can cause the violation of code. Rather they must hang about firm with their ethics code and make sure that the actions they make are morally right and are for the well being of the public.
References
Krechowicz, M., 2007. Risk Management in Complex Construction Projects that Apply Renewable Energy Sources: A Case Study of the Realization Phase of the Energis Educational and Research Intelligent Building. [Online] Available at: https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1757-899X/245/6/062007/pdf [Accessed 5 October 2018].
Lang, A.R., 2013. The effect of design on the usability and real world effectiveness of medical devices: A case study with adolescent users. Applied Ergonomics, 44, pp.799-810.
Lokuge, W., Mohseni, H., Setunge, S. & Simpson, S., 2015. Evaluation of the Case Study Concrete bridge in Victoria under effect of bushfire. [Online] Available at: file:///C:/Users/Nidhi%20Vyas_JPR/Downloads/2662400_1685046458_Lokugeetal2015Evaluationofacas.pdf [Accessed 6 October 2018].
Love, P.E.D. & Lopez, R., 2011. What Goes up, Shouldn’t Come down: Learning from Construction and Engineering Failures. Procedia Engineering, 14, pp.844-50.
Olumuyiwa, A.M. & Razak, A.R., 2013. The Study of Claims Arising from Building Collapses: Case Studies from Malaysia, Nigeria, Singapore and Thailand. Civil and Environmental Research , 3(11).
Pierson, J.K., 2007. Whistleblowing: an ethical dilemma. Australasian Journal of Information Systems, 1(1).
Staveren, I.v., 2007. Beyond Utilitarianism and Deontology: Ethics in Economics. Review of Political Economy, 19(1), pp.21-35.
Sulaima, M.F., Lew, H.S., Azily, A.T. & Lau, C.Y., 2014. A CASE STUDY OF ENGINEERING ETHICS: LESSON LEARNED FROM BUILDING COLLAPSE DISASTER TOWARD MALAYSIAN ENGINEERS. European International Journal of Science and Technology , 3(4).
Szegedi, K., 2016. Ethics And Compliance Whistleblowing Systems In Hungarian Large Companies. European Scientific Journal, 12(7), pp.1857-7881.
Tan, A., 2013. New World Hotel: Resilience Through Heritage. [Online] Available at: file:///C:/Users/Nidhi%20Vyas_JPR/Downloads/nhb_ebook_hotel_new_world.pdf [Accessed 5 October 2018].
Tan, S.L. & Lai, A.Y.-H., 2013. Impact of Disasters and Disaster Risk Management in Singapore: A Case Study of Singapore’s Experience in Fighting the SARS Epidemic. [Online] Available at: https://www.eria.org/ERIA-DP-2013-14.pdf [Accessed 5 October 2018].
V.Ramasesh, R., 2014. A conceptual framework for tackling knowable unknown unknowns in project management. Journal of Operations Management, 32(4), pp.190-204.
Vee, C. & Skitmore, M., 2003. Professional ethics in the construction industry. [Online] Available at: https://eprints.qut.edu.au/4119/1/4119.pdf [Accessed 5 October 2018].
Zavadskas, E.K., 2010. Risk assesment of construction projects. Journal of Civil Engineering and Management, 16(1), pp.33-46.
Zyl, L.V., 2015. Virtue Theory and Applied Ethics. South African Journal of Philosophy , 21(2).
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