ELE4NET Communication Networks

(Source: ccnablog, 2018)

As in diagram above, different form of the data at each layer of TCP/IP model is called protocol data unit. Data bind in next packet with header information of particular layer. Each layer have own header. Headers have small information about that data. Therefore, at the end all header and data converted in row bits and transfer from physical media ( Fall & Stevens, 2012).

Solution-2:

These are the following differences in IPv4 and IPv6 Protocol versions:

Solution-3:

The greatest common divisor of all the frequency components contained in a signal is called fundamental frequency and least common multiple of all individual periods of the components is known as fundamental period of the signal.

Fundamental frequency is 1f, where f=1.

The period of the Fundamental is 1/f, so period is = 1.

Solution-4:

I have a channel with a 1-MHz bandwidth.

SNR for this channel is 63.

Solution-a

An ideal noiseless channel never exists.

Shannon capacity in Noisy Channel:

The maximum data rate for any noisy channel is C = B* log₂ (1+SNR)

Where,

C= Channel capacity in bits per second

B= bandwidth of channel

SNR= signal to noise ratio

First, I use the Shannon formula to find the upper limit.

C= 10⁶ log₂ (1+63)

C= 6 Mbps

Solution-b

The Shannon formula gives us 6 Mbps, the upper limit to the data rate.

I choose 4 Mbps, which is 2/3 of the maximum theoretical limit.

Then we use the Nyquist formula to find the number of signal levels.

The formula for maximum bit rate in bits per second (bps) is:

Maximum bit rate = 2*BW* log₂ L

Where, BW =bandwidth at channel

L= number of signed levels used to represent data.

So

4 Mbps = 2*1MHz * log₂ L

L = 4

References

Fall, K. R., & Stevens, W. R. (2012). TCP/IP Illustrated, Volume 1: The Protocols (2 ed.). New York: addison-Wesley.

Blanchet , M. (2010, 02 02). Patent No. 7,657,642. Washington.