BN206 System Administration: Management With Linux Commands
This assignment has two parts: (i) server management systems, and (ii) command line tools and techniques for server management. The parts combined, the assignment provides students with opportunity to undertake work on the above topics and develop an understanding and professional skills required to manage and maintain network servers.
Task 1: Server management with Linux commands
Q1. Managing Linux servers requires skills in using command line tools. Consult various sources of information to gain an understanding of why Linux System Administrators must be proficient in using Linux command line tools as opposed to graphical user interface (GUI) based tools. Write down your understanding on this in your own words in one (1) paragraph. Your submission will be checked for originality using the Turnitin similarity checking software, and if it is detected that your paragraph is has high level of similarity with other sources, you will score zero marks for this answer. Remember to use citations and references (list at the end of the document along with your other references) in your paragraph.
Q2. Use the following commands on a Linux machine running any flavour of Linux (e.g., Ubuntu,Kali), and document the following for each command:
Commands:
- lsof
- netstat
- mtr
What to document for each command:
- What the command is used for
- Syntax of the command
- A valid screenshot with appropriate figure number and caption showing how you explored the command on your Linux system. Figure 1 shows an example of a valid screenshot where the user who used the command is clearly displayed. This is required for checking theoriginality of your work. Do the following before using any of the above commands to achieve this:
- On the Linux terminal, use the following commands one after the other:
mkdir <your name> (Replace <your name> with your own name!)
cd <your name> (You are changing directory to the newly created directory)
Figure 1: Example of a valid screenshot showing the name of the user (User: Jahan)
Task 2: Server management Systems
Every server operating system has its own server management features included. Select and research one (1) topic from the list below, and write a report containing the following sections. Your submission will be checked for originality using the Turnitin similarity checking software, and if it is detected that your report has high level of similarity with other sources, you may score zero marks for this part.
List of topics (choose 1):
- Red hat enterprise Linux
- Windows nano server
- Any OS for Cloud Servers
Report sections:
Investigate your chosen topic by reading articles and technical configuration from any source other than Wikipedia. These articles can be searched online or from a journal.
Answer:
Task 1: Server management with Linux commands
1.
The selection of the command line interface over the graphical user interface is described in this section of the assignment. The answer has been used to provide an insight to the use of the command line and the graphical user interface methods. It is to be informed that an excellent performance have been noted by the command line interface in the Linux system in the recent times. Additionally, it can be said that the system procedures can be handled efficiently on the command line interface [1]. Notably, the flexibility of the system is also more in the command line interface than that of the graphical user interface. Additionally, a large number of procedures can be completed by using a single command in the command line interface. The interface can provide the users with
the information about the processes running in the system by using the ps command. The grep command in the interface provides the user with the information about the system and obtain a filtered output [2]. The cat command is used for the filtration of the files in the system. Some additional information are also provide command line interface, hence this makes the user to choose the command line interface over the graphical user interface.
2.
Using the mkdir command and cd command
Use of LSOF
This is the list open files command. This command provides the user with the list of standard output files and information about the files opened by the process for the required Unix dialects.
Syntax of LSOF
The syntax of list open files command is lsof.
Screenshots
Use of NETSTAT
This command is used to print the routing tables connections, interface statistics, multicast memberships and masquerade connections.
Syntax of NETSTAT
netstat [address_family_options] [--tcp|-t] [--udp|-u] [--raw|-w]
[--listening|-l] [--all|-a] [--numeric|-n] [--numeric-hosts]
[--numeric-ports] [--numeric-users] [--symbolic|-N]
[--extend|-e[--extend|-e]] [--timers|-o] [--program|-p]
[--verbose|-v] [--continuous|-c]
netstat {--route|-r} [address_family_options] [--extend|-e[--extend|-e]]
[--verbose|-v] [--numeric|-n] [--numeric-hosts] [--numeric-ports]
[--numeric-users] [--continuous|-c]
netstat {--interfaces|-i} [--all|-a] [--extend|-e[--extend|-e]] [--verbose|-v]
[--program|-p] [--numeric|-n] [--numeric-hosts] [--numeric-ports]
[--numeric-users] [--continuous|-c]
netstat {--groups|-g} [--numeric|-n] [--numeric-hosts] [--numeric-ports]
[--numeric-users] [--continuous|-c]
netstat {--masquerade|-M} [--extend|-e] [--numeric|-n] [--numeric-hosts]
[--numeric-ports] [--numeric-users] [--continuous|-c]
netstat {--statistics|-s} [--tcp|-t] [--udp|-u] [--raw|-w]
netstat {--version|-V}
netstat {--help|-h}
Use of MTR
The mtr can be used for the diagnosis of the network. The functionality of the trace router tools and the ping programs are combined into forming a single network diagnostic tool. The investigation of the network connection established in between the hosts starts as soon as the mtr starts.
Syntax of MTR
mtr [ -hvrctglspni46 ] [ --help ] [ --version ] [ --report ] [ --report-cycles COUNT ] [ --curses ] [ --split ] [ --raw ] [ --no-dns ] [ --gtk ] [ --address IP.ADD.RE.SS ] [ --interval SECONDS ] [ --psize BYTES | -s BYTES ] HOSTNAME [PACKETSIZE]
Task 2: Server management Systems
Windows Nano Server
The windows Nano server is a remotely administered server operating system that is used for the optimization of the private clouds and datacenters for the organizations. The report consists of a detailed analysis of the Windows Nano Sever [5]. The background information, the target platform and the advantages and disadvantages of the windows nano server is also provided in the report.
Background information
The Windows Nano server is a light weight operating system based on Server 2016. It doesn’t have GUI or PowerShell and no local logon capability. It is remotely managed. It has just a console through which the users can manage few necessary settings including an IP address. The server is almost similar to the Server Core Mode.
Target Platform
The Windows Nano server works on the C# platform and the C# environment are used for the processes of the server. The visual basics applications are also used for the development of application on the server and also provides the header and the library facilities to the developers. Additionally, the Windows Nano Server is 64-bit only. It cannot run 32-bit applications. The Nano Server provides a huge opportunity for the applications so that they can get the resources to the extent possible. It is also used by the organization to provide them with the agile environment so that the DevOps management model is supported by the 64 bit models [4]. It is required that they remove the reference components that contains the 32-bit elements in them. The server can debug the programs with the help of the visual studios. The system also runs the C++ applications as the applications are supported by the visual studios.
Advantage and Disadvantages
The main advantages of the Windows nano server involves the mitigation of the compute resources that are required by the OSes the footprint of the OS can be reduced efficiently. This is done by removing the familiar components from the system that involves the GUI, command prompt and the PowerShell console. Additionally the OS has been shrinked to a great level so that the performance, stability and the security of the system is done. The server is also able to boot quickly so that a large amount of time of the user is saved [3]. The server is also run in the Hyper-V M mode that allows more than one container to share the space that is not consumed by the OS.
The nano server is one of the latest products of the Microsoft Company and provides a large amount of services for the users, however the server also involves a large amount of disadvantages for the users. Firstly, there is a lack of login feature for the local users and the user interface is also not present in the system, and this results in the deployment is the server is to be done remotely. In addition to this, the GUI support is also absent from the OS of the Nano Server. Hence, the operation are a bit difficult for the users on the server.
Conclusion
For conclusion it can be said that the Microsoft Nano Server is generally intended for the support services and the cloud based application, however the server has a few drawbacks and the system is a bit difficult for the users to handle at first. However they also provide various advantages over the Hyper-V VMs or the clusters that run in the containers. They also provided various opportunities such as file servers, Web servers, Domain Name System servers or other services that helps in the rapid scalability for the users of systems. The server is also suitable for large variety of languages such as Python, Java and C# and the application developed on the server can be easily run by the VMs in the servers. There are certain limitations however the deployment of the nano servers provides the users with a number of options and hence increases the business efficiencies of the organizations those adopt them. Some organizations look at the Servers as an ideal OS for their systems and hence, the development of the server is very necessary for them in the provided scenario.
References
[1] Hähnel, M., Cui, W. and Peinado, M., July. High-resolution side channels for untrusted operating systems. In 2017 USENIX Annual Technical Conference (USENIX ATC 17). USENIX Association, Santa Clara, CA (pp. 299-312) , 2017.
[2] Jabeen, Q., Khan, F., Hayat, M.N., Khan, H., Jan, S.R. and Ullah, F., 2016. A Survey: Embedded Systems Supporting By Different Operating Systems. arXiv preprint arXiv:1610.07899.
[3] Kedziora, M., Chow, Y.W. and Susilo, W., July. Defeating plausible deniability of VeraCrypt hidden operating systems. In International Conference on Applications and Techniques in Information Security (pp. 3-13). Springer, Singapore, 2017.
[4] Rossi, F.D., de Oliveira, I.C., De Rose, C.A., Calheiros, R.N. and Buyya, R., April. Non-invasive estimation of cloud applications performance via hypervisor’s operating systems counters. In Proceedings of the Fourteenth International Conference on Networks (ICN) (pp. 177-184) , 2015.
[5] Xu, Y., Cui, W. and Peinado, M., May. Controlled-channel attacks: Deterministic side channels for untrusted operating systems. In Security and Privacy (SP), 2015 IEEE Symposium on (pp. 640-656). IEEE, 2015.
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