Bn104 Operating Systems Answers Assessment Answers
The purpose of this assignment is to report on some important characteristics of Operating Systems and explain their functions. Students must answer Multiple Answer questions about OS operation, and report on selected OS aspects and algorithms such as virtual memory, process scheduling and mobile operating systems. After successful completion of this assignment, students should be able to:
Report on the basics, and provide examples, of operating systems structure and functionality, including memory allocation virtual memory, demand paging and process and device management.
- Describe the integration of hardware, operating systems and application software.
- Explain in detail the functioning of some devices such as peripherals
Answer:
Answer to question number 1
- The difference in between internal and external fragmentation are provided in the table below:
|
Internal fragmentation |
External fragmentation |
|
When a process is allocated more memory than required, few space is left unused and this is called as INTERNAL FRAGMENTATION. |
After execution of processes when they are swapped out of memory and other smaller processes replace them, many small noncontiguous (adjacent) blocks of unused spaces are formed which can serve a new request if all of them are put together but as they are not adjacent to each other a new request can't be served and this is known as EXTERNAL FRAGMENTATION |
|
For example the internal fragmentation occurs when the division of the memory is done into to fixed sizes. |
For example the external fragmentation occurs when the division of the memory is done into to variable sizes. |
|
The possible solution to this is allocation of memory is done dynamically. |
It can be cured by Compaction, Paging and Segmentation. |
The memory is allocated to a pool and the memory becomes fragmented. The objects would be allocated into the system with the help of the compaction techniques. Basically, taking filled chunks of memory and making them adjacent to one another, address-wise. Similarly with empty chunks of memory, though this is a natural consequence of doing the first. The process is usually some form of noticing size of chunk used, and copying it to an earlier memory address, then grabbing the next chunk and repeating the process until a large portion of memory have been moved into these adjacent processes. Then marking the areas as used, and the areas copied from as available. The main disadvantage is that the jobs would be having new addresses and also compaction is a technique that would require a large amount of time and the system would be having a complicated memory management system. The main advantage is that the process can move to a straight forward position during the execution of the system and also the process can grow very easily in the system.
Answer to question number 2
|
TIME |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
10 |
3 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
11 |
16 |
3 |
|
|
|
|
|
15 |
8 |
16 |
3 |
|
|
|
|
50 |
1 |
8 |
16 |
3 |
|
|
|
85 |
18 |
1 |
8 |
16 |
3 |
|
|
100 |
4 |
18 |
1 |
8 |
16 |
3 |
|
105 |
15 |
4 |
18 |
1 |
8 |
16 |
|
120 |
12 |
15 |
4 |
18 |
1 |
8 |
The order in which the page will be replaced: 3, 16,8,1,18,4,15,12.
- The LRU algorithm uses the status bits. It provides the information about the new entries and the validation is also done by this bit.
The page replacement order is : 18,12,8,3,0,16,14,6.
Answer to question number 3
FCFS
SJN
SRT
Round Robin
Total time needed by a job to be completed is known as the turnaround time. The total time that the jobs waits before getting executed is known as total waiting time.
References
[1] Moraru, I., Andersen, D.G., Kaminsky, M., Tolia, N., Ranganathan, P. and Binkert, N, November. Consistent, durable, and safe memory management for byte-addressable non volatile main memory. In Proceedings of the First ACM SIGOPS Conference on Timely Results in Operating Systems (p. 1). ACM., 2013.
[2] Sirohi, A., Pratap, A. and Aggarwal, M. Improvised Round Robin (CPU) Scheduling Algorithm. International Journal of Computer Applications, 99(18), pp.40-43., 2014.
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