96705: Advanced Epidemiology - Assessment Answer

Assignment Task:

Question 1 [6 marks] 

Using the information provided below, determine which study design is being used. Your answers should include the general study type (experimental or observational) as well as the specific study type (descriptive, cross-sectional, ecological, case series, prospective or retrospective). Obviously, a cross- sectional study is neither prospective nor retrospective. For each study, name the study type. You do NOT need to justify your choice. 

The following four studies (A, B, C and D) all address the hypothesis that dancing reduces the risk of falling in the elderly. You can assume that if dancing does impact on falls, it will take at least one year to see any impact. 

Study A [1 mark] 

People aged 50 to 70 years were identified through a random sample of the electoral roll. Those who agreed to participate had their health and other baseline demographics measured by a researcher. Anyone with a history of falling or those unable to walk unassisted were excluded at that stage. A random sample of the remainder was followed for ten years. They completed monthly diaries about their physical activities, including dancing. At the end of three years, the number and severity of falls was recorded. 

Study B [1 mark] 

People aged 50 to 70 years were identified through a random sample of the electoral roll. Those who agreed to participate had their health and other demographics measured by a researcher. They also completed a questionnaire about their physical activities, including dancing from the age of 15, as well as their falls history (number and severity of falls since the age of 45). The falls results and dancing activities of the participants were then compared. 

Study C [1 mark] 

People aged 50 to 70 years were identified through a random sample of the electoral roll. Those who agreed to participate had their health and other baseline demographics measured by a researcher. Anyone with a history of falling or those unable to walk unassisted were excluded at that stage. The intervention was receiving weekly dance classes (Group A). The comparison was a weekly walking group (Group B). The intervention group were also encouraged to meet once a week for a walk. Participants were randomised to Group A or Group B. At the end of three years the number and severity of falls was recorded, and results compared between Group A and Group B. 

Study D [1 mark] 

People aged 50 to 70 who were currently attending physiotherapy sessions for rehabilitation due to an injury sustained from a fall were questioned about their physical activity habits (including dancing) from the age of 15 (Group A). A comparison sample was selected randomly from people also attending the physiotherapy clinic who suffered from low back pain (Group B). Those in the comparison group who agreed to participate had their falls history noted. Anyone with a history of falling in the past 5 years was excluded at that stage. The comparison group were also questioned about their physical activity habits (including dancing) from the age of 15. The physical activity habits (including dancing) were compared between Group A and Group B. e) Rank in order from highest to lowest the designs of studies 1 A-D in terms of the level of evidence they generate to address the hypothesis that dancing is protective of falls risk. You do NOT need to justify your choice [2 marks].

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